Impact

From its beginnings in the late 19th century when Atlanta was building its commercial and economic base, The Coca-Cola Company has served as a catalyst for progress. Over the years the company has made significant civic and financial contributions that have, in turn, supported and strengthened the city that Atlanta has become. The company’s presence can be felt all across the city – through its universities, civic and nonprofit institutions, and its public spaces. Giving back locally has long been a company priority, and that tradition of community support continues today at Pemberton Place.Named for Dr. John S. Pemberton, the pharmacist who invented Coca-Cola ® in Atlanta in 1886, the 20-acre complex is currently home to the Georgia Aquarium and the NEW World of Coca-Cola ® (opening May 2007). †¢ Land Grants: The Coca-Cola Company donated nine acres to the Georgia Aquarium and 2. 5 acres to the City of Atlanta for construction of a human rights center. †¢ Green Space for Atlanta: The land between the New World of Coca-Cola and Georgia Aquarium adds five acres of green space to downtown Atlanta. The Impact:* The combined estimated economic impact of the Georgia Aquarium and the New World of Coca-Cola is more than $105 million per year for Atlanta. †¢ Jobs: The two attractions will create more than 2,700 direct and induced permanent jobs. †¢ Visitation: One million people are expected to visit the New World of Coca-Cola annually. †¢ 19 percent of the attraction’s visitors are expected to come from overseas. †¢ Estimates indicate that 44 percent of out-of-town visitors to Pemberton Place will stay over night in local hotels resulting in more than $1 million in tax revenue per year.Key Milestones: Coca-Cola and Atlanta Impact The company’s long history of community support includes: †¢ Asa Candler, a company founder, donated $1 million to help defray the costs of establishing Emory University. â₠¬ ¢ Robert Woodruff, president of The Coca-Cola Company for 60 years, led the effort to secure the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) headquarters. The CDC’s annual economic impact in Georgia is $2. 5 million. †¢ Brothers Robert and George Woodruff donated approximately $105 million to Emory University in 1979, which at that time was the largest single gift to an educational institution in the ation’s history. †¢ Centennial Olympic Park received a gift of $33 million from The Coca-Cola Company (nearly half of the park’s total cost). †¢ The Coca-Cola Company contributed $10 million to support the construction of a new Symphony Hall. †¢ The company contributed $1 million (including in-kind support) to the Brand Atlanta Campaign. †¢ The company sold the building for the current World of Coca-Cola to the State of Georgia for a fraction of its appraised value. Along with many of its local bottlers, The Coca-Cola Company makes a significant impact on communities in each country where it operates.Estimates indicate that for every job within The Coca-Cola Company system, 10 additional jobs are created locally. In addition, the company devotes resources to a number of community-based initiatives around the world, including: Did you Know? Around the World: The Coca-Cola Company Citizenship Highlights †¢ Vietnam: Launched the Coca-Cola Pushcart Project, which has provided pushcarts, initial product and sales training for more than 4,000 disadvantaged Vietnamese women since 2002. Kenya: Partnered with CARE to bring wells and water storage facilities to 45 schools in western Kenya.†¢ Land Grants: The Coca-Cola Company donated nine acres to the Georgia Aquarium and 2. 5 acres to the City of Atlanta for construction of a human rights center. †¢ Green Space for Atlanta: The land between the New World of Coca-Cola and Georgia Aquarium adds five acres of green space to downtown Atlanta. †¢ The Impac t:* The combined estimated economic impact of the Georgia Aquarium and the New World of Coca-Cola is more than $105 million per year for Atlanta. Jobs: The two attractions will create more than 2,700 direct and induced permanent jobs. †¢ Visitation: One million people are expected to visit the New World of Coca-Cola annually. †¢ 19 percent of the attraction’s visitors are expected to come from overseas. †¢ Estimates indicate that 44 percent of out-of-town visitors to Pemberton Place will stay over night in local hotels resulting in more than $1 million in tax revenue per year.Key Milestones: Coca-Cola and Atlanta Impact The company’s long history of community support includes: Asa Candler, a company founder, donated $1 million to help defray the costs of establishing Emory University. †¢ Robert Woodruff, president of The Coca-Cola Company for 60 years, led the effort to secure the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) headquarters. The CD C’s annual economic impact in Georgia is $2. 5 million. †¢ Brothers Robert and George Woodruff donated approximately $105 million to Emory University in 1979, which at that time was the largest single gift to an educational institution in the nation’s history. Centennial Olympic Park received a gift of $33 million from The Coca-Cola Company (nearly half of the park’s total cost). †¢ The Coca-Cola Company contributed $10 million to support the construction of a new Symphony Hall. †¢ The company contributed $1 million (including in-kind support) to the Brand Atlanta Campaign. †¢ The company sold the building for the current World of Coca-Cola to the State of Georgia for a fraction of its appraised value. Along with many of its local bottlers, The Coca-Cola Company makes a significant impact on communities in each country where it operates.Estimates indicate that for every job within The Coca-Cola Company system, 10 additional jobs are created l ocally. In addition, the company devotes resources to a number of community-based initiatives around the world, including: Did you Know? Around the World: The Coca-Cola Company Citizenship Highlights †¢ Vietnam: Launched the Coca-Cola Pushcart Project, which has provided pushcarts, initial product and sales training for more than 4,000 disadvantaged Vietnamese women since 2002. †¢ Kenya: Partnered with CARE to bring wells and water storage facilities to 45 schools in western Kenya.

World History: The Worst Dictator of Them All

I will be comparing and contrasting three dictators, Hitler, Stalin, and Mao. These three men are considered to be the world’s mass murdering dictator and I would like to investigate which one of them is the worst one of them all. Hitler who was Fuhrer for Germany is infamous for his doings in World War II and his killing of Jewish people. Then there is Stalin who caused the great terror in USSR and used cunning schemes to achieve his goals and was a key person during the Cold War. Finally there is Mao Zedong the great Chinese revolutionist who fought against the Chinese Nationalist Party and changed China in many ways using many social and economic policies. I will be judging â€Å"worst dictator† by the amount of death, social and economic problems caused during their rule and will also consider the rise to their power as a basis to judge these three dictators. I will be giving worst dictator to whoever has the most death and worst social and economic problems considering their position. In the social and economic problems caused it will be mainly be the leader create talking about policies and whether or not it was successful or not. I will also take in the consideration of propaganda used by dictators to influence the people’s trust. Firstly, Mao Zedong the President of the People’s Republic China or formerly known Chairman of the People’s Republic China started out to be a mere librarian working in a Chinese college. He then joins the Chinese communist party that rebels against the existing ruling Nationalist party in China, the KMT. Mao led his rebels across china fighting and running away from the KMT. However in October 1st of 1949 he creates the People’s Republic of China and turns China into communist. Many Chinese liked and followed him due to his status as legendary revolutionist who bettered the poor and fought for the people who could not fight. In 1958, he sets out to do the Great Leap Forward, which was simply put a 5-year plan type of scheme where the goal was to modernize China radically. This reformation involved large agricultural communes and about 75,000 farmers, these communes did their own collective farms and families. Following Marxist principles all wages were equally shared amongst the families in the commune. Each family also received a small strip of land. However by 1962 this reformation stopped due to Soviet Union could not afford to back up China and this failure caused Mao to resign from his post as Chairman of PRC. Many had died of starvation and about 50 million died at this point. Even though he resigned Mao was openly still playing politics, in 1966 he would start an initiative called the Great Cultural Revolution.Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide This involved in the Chinese government allowing critics of the government to openly speak out against the government and China. This was totally against what Mao had installed when he was Chairman, he took away all forms of freedom of speech and had installed many Marxist ideas that were implied by Soviet Union. After the critics finished criticizing the government and Mao, he gathered up college students and made them attack the critics. Proclaiming that these student body were the Red Guard, who had a responsibility to protect China, Mao started ordering unexplainable orders. During this time there was a politician by the name of Liu Shiaoqi who had notions of wage differentiation and freedom of speech. Mao gave out orders such as banning education, never to consider intellectuals as superiors, and killed roughly around 78 million Chinese people by this time (including Tibet incident). However this was all indirect killing. He then gave almost all his power to the Gang of Four who caused many troubles and the Chinese public despised them. Everyone liked Mao even though he killed so many people and caused so many disturbances. His image as great revolutionary leader is still believed today by many Chinese people and much of his wrongdoings is erased from Chinese history. Mao Zedong’s points are his mass murder of his own people and destruction of class system, which caused many problems, while rising to power his cunning ideas and tactics are admirable, and he always fought for the peasants at all times which is considered as a good thing. Even though he killed many people all these killings were accidental or more like unplanned. He also had a cult of personality, which still exists today. Next is Josef Stalin the General secretary of the Central Committee of the communist Party. This man succeeded Lenin who was the leader of USSR and first ever man to successfully implement communism into a country and was considered a Great revolutionist. He rose to power from his position as a secretary of the party to Leader of USSR by using Lenin’s cult of personality and pretending to be number one disciple. He would team up with his opponents who wanted his position against one main army then change up his teams. In this way he would always be on the winning side and his opponents never considered him a big threat, in this way he tricked and conned his way to become one of the most ruthless leaders USSR has ever seen. After his consolidation of power he soon worked on getting rid of all opponents and all future opponents. He first got rid of Leon Trotsky who was Lenin’s second in command to Mexico. Then one by one he got rid of all intellectuals in USSR. Soon he was the only one in USSR with any proper intellect. This purge of Intellectuals depleted USSR’s brainpower completely. After getting rid of the brainpower in USSR he started to implements plan to modernize USSR. His goal was to be able to stand side by side against the Capitalist nations. To achieve these goals he used death camps called Gulags to maintain a rigid control over all counterrevolutionary actions. Then killed the kulak, landlords who owned farm property, and then killed any peasants have any success. In this way Stalin created a mass famine, which killed 23,000,000 people. Unlike Mao, he did this on purpose due to his fear of counterrevolutionaries and opposition to his power. While Stalin boasted that USSR was having successful economic situations during the Great depression in America parts of Ukraine did not have food and many died. After this incident, he acted a major part in ending the World War II. They defeated the Nazis who invaded European country. However Stalin ordered Russian army to stay put in the country they had just liberated from the Nazis. In this way he was able to procure Satellite states. In the Tehran and Yalta meetings amongst the Big Three, he was able to argue equally amongst Churchill and Roosevelt. In this way he was allowed to keep satellite states however the next American president and Stalin did not get along as well. Eventually Cold war started and Stalin implemented mass production of arms. He died on 1953. Even though his methods were harsh he was able to modernize USSR into a world power that was at one point equal to America. Stalin is still considered as a hero amongst some Russians, this is mainly due to history books in Russia do not talk about Stalin’s misdeeds. His misguided methods were very harsh however it produced results, which Stalin sought for. His mass murder of 23,000,000 people was done on purpose unlike Mao, which makes him a very scary man. Stalin’s personality was one of a calculative and methodical almost like a serial killer. He wanted to satisfy his own goals, which was to be better than the Capitalist nation, mainly America. Stalin’s points are that he killed many people during the modernization of USSR, his cunning methods when he was rising to power, his method to spread communism by using satellite states, and he also made USSR into a Super Power. His successor Nikita had to use De-Stalinization due to Stabilize USSR and make sure it was a safer place to be in. Finally, Adolf Hitler the most famous mass murder and mastermind behind World War II. His genocide of Jewish people is famous amongst all people. He was a painter in Vienna before he formed the Nazi party. He looked for rich patrons to support his work but the Jewish patrons, most patron are Jewish. However they all rejected him and his hatred towards Jewish people started to grow. He then joins a political party and later on forms the Nazi party. He becomes the leader of this party and leads the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. He was arrested in this event and then held at prison for 5 years. He wrote his book â€Å"Mein Kampf † and starts to scheme political methods to get his revenge on the Jews. His pride as Germans started rising and he became very Nationalistic after the Great depression which caused the Germany to fall down with America due to the huge debts owed by Germany given out by America. This was to pay war reparations to other countries, from World War I. Hitler saw this as a sign of weakness on America’s part and started to do special speeches to the German people using carefully rehearsed speeches. In this way the Nazi party was elected to German Reichstag. Soon Hitler massed enough influence to become Chancellor of Germany and switched took over instead for democracy he becomes the Dictator of Germany and creates a one party state. Soon he felt compelled to take back what was rightfully German and took back Rhineland. Then soon took Austria, next came Czechoslovakia and then the other European nations started to feel threatened and attacked Germany. This was the start to World War II however before all this when Hitler was just the President of Germany he used his SS to destroy and harass all Jewish people and objects. He used terms as sub-human and started the mass genocide of Jews in Europe, this lead to about twelve million Jews dead. Hitler was a very nationalistic person and could not be considered sane considering the fact that he took revenge by climbing to the top most position in Germany which he used to say he was against and then killing twelve million innocent Jews are serial killer kind of actions. His points are his sudden rise to power and he was just plain crazy. As a dictator he was just crazy compared to the other two dictators. I think the worst dictator goes to Mao Zedong, due to mass murder of seventy-eight million people and being a former intellectual but still destroying all beings proclaiming to be intelligent is beyond comprehension. Even though he wanted to modernize China and help out the peasants and make everyone equal, there is no point in destroying the education system and making a group of people suffer just to make another group happy. Also the fact that he was a former librarian just makes it all the worse he should have realized the value in having intelligent people. Unlike Hitler who was crazy I think Mao Zedong as he became older became senile and dumb which is why he started the Great Cultural Revolution. Also even though his actions before becoming Chairman of China was very calculative after he became Chairman of China he seems to lack importance to life. He does not care about how many people die just for his policies to work. Which just shows a crazy person or a sick person’s mind. However I believe he just turned senile and slowly lost his edge.

Insanity Defense

Insanity Defense Donita Estes, Patrick Fostso, Jennia McCray, Yasmine McGee, Inga Payne CJA/354 October 22, 2012 Samara Belgarde, J. D. Insanity Defense The criminal justice system in America is one of the fair systems in the world where anyone will be innocent until proven of guilt. The whole concept of the court system emphasizes how our laws work regardless where we come from and how we look like or healthy or not anyone is entitles of due process. The idea that our justice and court system are fair to anyone on trial due to an arrest by probable cause and sentencing by a verdict guilty and not guilty of the jury.In the case or State v. Stu Dents, where the defendant was accused of killing his former girlfriend. We are going to elaborate how the charge of insanity can be plead in the defense case and in the other hand give some understanding how this plead play a role in the defendant case during the trial and after the trial in some states and particular California. Does your tea m feel this defendant is competent to stand trial? Why or why not? We believe that the defendant may not be competent to stand trial, due to the fact that he had has emotionally and mental issues.The defendant has no knowledge of the crime or its consequences, if put on the stand he may revert back to that emotional state of mind and will not be able to give and accurate statement and will not be able to understand charges and sentencing. What is required in your state for an insanity defense? First of all, let’s understand the issue here, Mr. Dents was arrested of the killing his former girlfriend Uma Opee. Mr. Dents was charge by the state on theses: Homicide, Assault of a police, officer, Burglary and crimes related to drugs. After all these charges, the defendant pleads not guilty due to reason of insanity.In California, insanity can be called as an affirmative insanity: According to Schmalleger. F& Dolatowski, J (2010), an affirmative defense is a status that define some one who committed an unlawful act and requested an excuse for the behave due to the criminal conduct (Insanity). In California the defense need to show some aspect of legal defense such as: Defendant does not understand the nature of the act, Defendant does not know was wrong, Defendant does not have self-control, Defendant needs to show at the time he has a history of mental diseases against his ability to define between right and wrong.During sentencing of the insanity plea the jury can deliberate the sanity claim on many ways such as: -Hung jury will give the court of making determination if there is enough evidence to retry the defendant on sanity only. If the jury returns a unanimous of not guilty by reason of insanity the defendant will be committed at the state mental hospital. In the other hand in California, it will be difficult for the defense because the prosecutor will bring their own medical expert to show that the defendant has the ability to see between what’s right and wrong.What steps must be taken to prove insanity? Insanity defense is the defense which has a role of claiming that their client, the defendant was not in a state of understanding what he or she did due to mental disorder. This is to clarify that in this state the defendant does not bear any responsibility of the alleged actions. In this case insanity is a term used legally and not a medical one, so a court decides on whether to involve medical professionals or not. Definition of mental illness varies in a range of jurisdictions.The term insanity is under the guide line of the jurisdictions statutory and that cannot be defined by use of the medical definition (Fersch, 2005). As the defense team of in the case of State v. Stu Dents there should be the burden of proof. Our client, Stu Dents is charged of homicide, assault of police officer, kidnapping, burglary, and crimes related to drugs. Homicide is understood as killing of person due to omission or act of another. Kidnap ping is going against somebody’s will by taking him from one place to another without letting him or her exercise freedom.Burglary is considered as theft by entering into someone’s resident without permission. Homicidal offence, in side with drugs, is considered as a felony together with kidnapping and burglary. In their nature, they are considered as serious and punishable by death or long sentence (Cole, 2008). Considering the charges, there should be the burden of proof. It is clear that anybody accused before the court is innocent until he or she is proven guilty. The ultimate factor to consider in this case is the intent and mental element. It is clear that at the time when our client, Mr.Stu Dent was being arrested, he was not all well. He was irrational, agitated, and combative, and when officers tried to hand cuff him he was screaming and yelling, mentioning unrealistic phrases for instance he said he was God. The reality is our client was mentally instable. Fo r the offence of homicide it not clear that our client was the one who entered in Uma Opee resident, and it is not known if there were signs of using force and if he used a key to gain access to his girl friend’s residence. Finally, after the toxicology reports our client Mr.Stu Dents, was not under the influence of drugs. It is justified that Mr. Stu Dents is not mentally stable therefore, he do not deserve to go to prison rather to go for psychiatric care (Ciolino, 2000). Court issues members of the panel of judges that the accused do not account for the act due to the reason of mental illness. If the evidence presented is found to have doubts about his her sanity, then there is need to establish sanity of the one accused (Cole, 2008). Burden of proof-the accused bears the burden of proving to the defense by use of convincing and clear evidence.Defendant is required to show sufficient evidence, creating a reasonable doubt to justify sanity. This determined by the prosecutor after considering the evidence (Cole, 2008). If the accused is found to be insane there for he or she is not responsible of any criminal conduct due to his or her state of mental health (Cole, 2008). Conclusion Finally, you do not consider the opinions of the experts who testified of the matter but you must consider the defendants sanity when the criminal conduct happened, viewing the evidence presented lightly then concluding the truth of the matter.References Ciolino, P. J. , & Castle, G. E. (2000). Advanced forensic criminal defense investigations. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Pub. Co. Cole, G. F. , & Smith, C. E. (2008). Criminal justice in America. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Fersch, E. A. (2005). Thinking about the insanity defense: Answers to frequently asked questions With case examples. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. Schmalleger, F. , Hall, D. E. , & Dolatowski, J. J. (2010). Criminal law today. (4th Ed. ) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. http://www. californiamentalhea lthlawyer. com http://www. shouselaw. com

Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crisis - Essay Example We were together again during college and shared the same apartment. It was once again a traumatic experience to have her leave the apartment to live with her boyfriend first and eventually get married. Even though we were older but the trauma of separation remained the same. It gradually dawned that one has to accept certain situations in life. I had to console myself that she was happy and leading a fulfilling life. Even though we now live in different states, we just have talked to each other every single day. We still panic the moment we hear of the other being unwell or in trouble. We still share moments of joy and sadness but the separation has left an indelible impression on my mind. Another traumatic experience that I had was when I used to visit my cousin working at an abortion clinic. I was quite young at that time and the word ‘abortion’ itself sent shivers to the body. This was the most significant existential crisis in my life. My visits were just to spend time with my cousin but the pro-lifers who came there thought I was there to get a procedure. I was shocked, to say the least when I came to know of this. I initially tried to ignore the gossip and allegations but gradually realized the severity of the situation. I realized the pro-lifers meant business when they decided to burn the clinic down if I were treated. I decided to stop visiting the clinic as this would put my cousin in trouble as well. Soon after I stopped visiting the clinic, I came to know that they had actually carried out the threat and burnt the clinic down.

Visual Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual Analysis - Essay Example In light of the above, a piece of art for consideration would be the picture depicting passengers of the S.S. Pennland on deck. The picture shows that most of the persons on the ship are young women. The woman on the foreground is leaning on her arm, possibly showing her state of fatigue. Most of the other people around are having a nap, most probably enhancing the theme of fatigue throughout the journey. Moreover, they have wrapped themselves with blankets and wearing heavy clothing. Most of the people in the picture have a cap or something to cover their heads, with the exception of the woman at the forefront. Despite this, she too has covered herself well with coverings visible from her neck and extending well over her feet. This most probably gives the impression that they experienced adverse weather conditions throughout the journey and the cold was taking toll on them. Somewhere along the mid-deck of the ship, there are visible huge reels of rope, but they do not have ropes on them. This most probably translates to the fact that probably most of the ship’s sails were fully hoisted and it probably still had a long way to go. The background of the picture shows a couple of men. While some of them are looking out into the sea, an atypical man is gazing to the side from which the photo was most probably taken. These men are likely to be part of the ship’s crew. They may be on their daily routine of checking out the situation in the sea and the condition of their passengers. The presumption that they could be part of the ship’s crew relies on their general look portrays the aspect that they do not look as fatigued as the rest of the people on the deck. On the first glance of the photo, one thing that suddenly strikes is the manner in which passengers look sprawled on the deck of the ship. The manner in which they are travelling depicts that of a journey not so well planned. The deck lacks no visible seating apparatus and the passengers are generally trying to fit themselves into any comfortable spot they find. A majority of them are sitting or lying on the latch covering the under the deck partitions of the ship. This is most likely the more comfortable place on the deck. The state of the passengers on the deck show that they are completely exhausted and are longing for the ship to dock at their destination. From this, and the fact that the photo certainly dates back to the early 20th century, suffice to conclude that travelling by ship during the earlier days of sea travel was a harrowing experience that could only be endured by the strong-hearted. Cohen’s article uses seven theses on monsters to try to discern a culture depending on the monster that most aptly describes it. From this, an assortment of monsters described distinguishes each other by various features (Cohen 121). Thesis VI on the monster being a kind of desire raises the claim that the activities that do not raise levels of satisfaction or are not endorsed by society are more attracting to the cultures. That the monster arouses the desires of the body to being frightened and this is eased by the thought of relief after the harrowing experience. This raises a complication as it supposes that the body is thrilled and enjoys the effects of an experience that frightens it (Cohen 231). This despite the fact that the body actually yearns for life’

4 Blog posts for my business website. It's related to wedding industry Essay

4 Blog posts for my business website. It's related to wedding industry - Essay Example Customs dictate that they send out written announcements telling people about your engagement. These days they can make your announcements personally by making phone calls and sending emails. There is of course a much more convenient way to go about things. Sending out formal engagement announcement cards is a practical option which in cases of a long engagement should only be sent out to the people you want to invite to the wedding. Ordinarily the parents of the bride send out the announcement cards though couples have been known to send out their own cards as well. The writing on the cards is straightforward, never revealing where or when the wedding is going to be. Even if some brides see the tradition of newspaper announcements for their engagement or their wedding as a relic of the past. The difference between the two announcements is that engagement announcements quite a while before the wedding while the wedding announcement is printed a little afterwards. There is no denying that such announcements can have great sentimental value, especially for parents and grandparents who love the idea. Even if you’re not really interested in getting both your names printed in the paper, it’s better to just make them happy and save your energy for the battles ahead. If you really are not into getting it done just send your parents who want it published a picture and let them do the hard work for you. The best part is that you can choose any paper that works for you. You can either get the announcement published in the paper in your local hometown even if you haven’t been there in a while or you can even get it printed in the local paper which delivers right to your door. Of course it’s best to check each the requirements of each paper on their website. They can detail your names and occupations as well as the same for your parents. There is also a photograph in

Review of Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Review of Literature - Essay Example It will show that the profession has evolved, with a noted increase in demand for nurses as their roles get more specialized, sophisticated and technologically driven. According to Blanche (2010) clinical experience, education and continuing education have been the main contributing factors in the transformation of the nursing industry and keeping the nurses on top of their practice. According to Boltz (2011), the nursing industry has gone through changes in the kind of technology used, new fields have been introduced and new education curricula and levels have been developed. He adds that, however, the primary role of nursing has been subjected to all these changes to make it remain the same; to promote health and wellness through its caring practice. The changes and developments have all served to makes today’s nurse foster a better relationship with patients, which translates into satisfaction for the patients, their families, fellow nurses and the entire industry. Boltz (2 011) also points out that a significant shift in nursing approach has been that of currently viewing it as a relationship focused on a patient, rather than the task oriented approach of the 1960s. In agreement with Boltz’s sentiments, Blanche (2010) contributes that contemporary nursing practice emphasizes on formulating a correlation between healthcare and relationship development, which results in more individualized care plans, better and optimal care results. Koloroutis et al (2004) opine that the nursing fraternity today acknowledges the need of instilling into patients the feeling that the nurse is in touch with their problem and can handle it from the patients’ point of grievances, rather than a worker who only needs to complete a task. Sullivan-Marx et al (2010) points out that with growing specialization in medicine, physicians started collaborating with and mentoring nurses who possessed clinical experience in the early 1960s. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) (2009), as the physicians moved out of primary care to specialize in certain fields, there grew a shortage of personnel in primary care, especially in the medically underserved rural areas. Medicaid and Medicare moved in to provide health care programs and coverage for the low-income population, persons with disabilities, the elderly and children in 1965. USDHHS (2009) further explains that with the sudden availability of the programs and coverage, there came a high and sudden demand for the expansion of primary care services and nurses. In the same year, a renowned nurse, Loretta Ford, and physician Henry Silver, developed the first nurse practitioners’ training program focusing on families and children health, disease prevention, and health promotion. Serving as a foundation, it has developed into the advanced nursing practice of today. According to Sullivan-Marx et al (2010) the opportunity, availed by the then shortage of physicians, has given birth to the current specialties of nursing. Today’s nurses are taking on roles previously reserved for the physicians. Nurse midwives are a good example. They are presently a highly regarded group as they not only reduce infant mortality rates in underserved areas, but they are also equipped to train more practitioners in rural areas, especially in developing countries. They work with local health

The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo - Essay Example Discussing the three works --- their similarities and differences --- will help evaluate if Michelangelo indeed is able to present great talent in several different art realms. THE RENAISSANCE MAN IN MICHELANGELO 3 The Renaissance Man in Michelangelo Renaissance is a big part in the history of art. Here, art was reborn through the rediscovery of Greco-Roman tradition. The word renaissance itself came from the term â€Å"la rinascita,† meaning â€Å"rebirth.† (Rubin, 2006, p.563) During this period, pieces of art developed from the supernatural to the natural, as man's expansion of the scientific knowledge progressed. Study of human beings and scientific research caused societies to believe more in the self (Rubin, 2006, p.565-6). The Renaissance era spanned for two centuries, with historians dividing it into three periods --- Quattrocento or Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and Mannerism. If modern artists today take pride in being a master of a certain field, Renai ssance people are considered great if they are able to present great talent in several fields (Rubin, 2006, p.574-5). ... Even though his talent is mostly considered as â€Å"only† within the realm of arts, the mastery he showed in every piece of work in every discipline is enough to make one understand that he is no ordinary â€Å"Jack of All Trades† (Emison and Chapman, 2006, p.508). He is considered a part of the High Renaissance period because there is naturalism in his works, there are no halos in religious pieces, and there is the balance between movement and stillness. There is also a great sense of harmony and balance in his works, which are both characteristics of Renaissance work. Furthermore, the Renaissance period is characterized by private or government funded art THE RENAISSANCE MAN IN MICHELANGELO 4 commissions, as compared to the common practice of art commissions by religious sectors (Rubin, 2006, p.576-7). â€Å"Statue of David† is among Michelangelo's sculptures, and perhaps can be considered one of the most famous sculptures in the world. The Guild of Wool Merch ant commissioned Michelangelo to create the â€Å"Statue of David.† As mentioned above, private commissions became the norm during the Renaissance period particularly for sculptures, especially due to its high cost. This sculpture breaks away from the traditional way of presenting David (Allen, 2001, p.18). In Michelangelo's sculpture, he does not show David as a winner, but rather as a youth just about to gain power right before the fight. This technique is also a characteristic of the Renaissance period, and Michelangelo brilliantly created the image of balance between stillness and movement by creating a sculpture that is both calm and smooth, yet dynamic and combat-ready (Allen, 2001, p.19). The tendons and the muscles of David's

Discussion Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Research Methods - Essay Example Through learning, a person acquires new knowledge form another person who is knowledgeable in that particular field. This will also help the learner to be capable of performing various tasks especially at work. On the other hand, development is also concerned with improving the skills of people so that they can improve their performance at work. An experienced person can develop the junior employees in the organization so that they can effectively execute their tasks. Both training and development are specifically meant to improve the knowledge and skills of the employees so that they can improve their performance in the organization. This is meant to improve productivity in the organization since all the people involved would be better positioned to know what would be expected of them. In some cases, employees can undergo short courses outside the company where they are trained about certain aspects of their profession. This is usually done through workshops or seminars where the participants are taught new things that can be used to improve their performance. The participants are usually divided into small groups and they share their knowledge about different aspects that would be the focus of training. After different plenary sessions, the trainees will give feedback and this information will be used to generate new knowledge that can be utilised to improve the effectiveness of the people involved. Basically, training and development are more concerned with generating new knowledge that can be used to improve the performance of the employees in the organization. Development also helps to improve the skills of the employees so that they can also improve productivity in the

Spotify Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Spotify - Essay Example The premium version was free of advertisements and allowed users to customize playlists as well as gain sneak previews. After downloading Spotify’s application to their computers, listeners could select genres, create playlists, or listen to music â€Å"streamed† over the Internet. Users were not allowed to download or copy songs. Initially, the company was intent on controlling their customer base. To achieve this, Spotify was offered on an invitation basis only. In the first three years of operation, Spotify had spent $7500 on marketing, leveraging instead word of mouth and its members-only model to build a buzz in the press and the on-line blogosphere. The audience was growing by about 25% a month since its launch in March 2009, reaching the 1 million mark on August the same year. Critical to its business model was the cooperation of major music labels, which Ek secured following extensive negotiations. Under these agreements, Spoify committed to paying royalty for e very song played, regardless of advertising revenue earned (Aaker & McLoughlin .p.122). It was evident from the collapse of competitors that an ad-supported model was not sustainable in an uncertain economic climate. Furthermore, with revenues from advertising underperforming, Spotify realized that, in order to grow and fund that growth, it needed to secure relationships with suppliers and other business network partners. By the end of summer 2009, an equity deal was agreed with one major music label, and a partnership had been formed with another company to sell tracks alongside its ad-supported and subscription based services (Aaker & McLoughlin .p.123). Management was confident that the next phase of their strategy could be implemented. Within the first three years of operation the company had reached a total user base of 20 million with 5 million of these users paying the monthly subscription fee of $4.99 or $9.99. In its short history, the company had grown and changed rapidly. In terms of the future directions, it was faced with a number of complementary opportunities; entering the US market, launching a mobile-phone-friendly version of its software, and partnering with investors like Li Ka-Shing to develop new business opportunities (Aaker & McLoughlin .p.124). Digital music industry The digital music industry can be split into two segments: the streaming market with so many competitors and the digital download whose main players are Amazon and iTunes. The industry has demonstrated potential with an 8% growth in revenues in 2011, in the same year the overall industry was valued at $5.2 billion. Presently, the streaming market is only responsible for 10% of the total revenues generated by the digital music industry. Optimistically, the market holds the biggest growth potential as compared to the download market. The numerous competitors in the streaming industry apply very similar business models. They rely on slight differentiations based on packaging, licensed music libraries, operating regions, and features to cut an alternate niche (Hartley et al 2003.p.243). There are high switching costs for customers as there is less compatibility making transfers difficult. Additionally, streaming companies are continually investing in new network effects across their service by incorporating social components. A number of streaming companies allow individuals to follow what their friends are listening and also accord them a chance to create collaborative playlists. This network effect can

Gorilla Tourism in Central Africa Essay Example for Free

Gorilla Tourism in Central Africa Essay The present essay is an investigation of ethical challenges with regard to gorilla tourism in Central Africa region. The paper undertakes a thorough research on the concerned issue and explores many a facet of this area. The purpose of this investigation is to create a better understanding of the issues present in the region so that a practical approach can be adopted to address these issues. 2- Gorilla Tourism and Challenges Gorilla tourism is to date becoming a universally accepted activity because of certain positive signs for gorilla conservation, promotion, and future stability of the species in Africa. Gorilla tourism is also considered as an effective tool that can be made use of to foster the gorillas of African region. Another important point to note is that, today, gorilla tourism is seen as a successful business for the countries that utilize this tool for the purposes of gorilla conservation. They now receive ample volume of revenue in connection with gorilla tourism. Some of the countries like Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic (DR) of Congo (ex-Zaire) are mentioned especially in this regard because of the revenues that they generate for the endangered gorilla species. However, with all these activities taking place, and more and more people from all parts of the world are moving toward African region for gorilla tourism, some other threats has risen. These range from disease to ethical treatment of the issues. How these challenges count toward gorilla tourism, and how they can be effectively confronted, is, then the central issue of today’s gorilla tourism in African region. This area is considered vital in conservation efforts of gorillas because of its impact on gorilla tourism (Homsy, 1999). Critics and experts state that in order to take Africa for future gorilla tourism, it is highly imperative to address such challenges as ethical issues; only this way will it be possible to reduce the widening gap between African and western nations; as well as, this is the way to promote successful gorilla tourism in Africa, a region tormented by war, internal political instability, and other grave issues. Cross-cultural communication is one solution which is being discussed in this connection through media communications. However, all these areas take ethical consideration as the core point of gorilla tourism (Okaka, 2007). 3- The Root Cause Although it has been noted that gorilla tourism is seen as one vital solution to a wide spectrum of problems present in central Africa that range from gorilla conservation to regional development, it is important to look at the core issue that is seen as basic to present day ethical challenges to gorilla tourism in central Africa. This takes as back into the past as several decades by which we can see that the region of central Africa is tormented by numerous political and tribal rivalries which gave way to several problems; but ethical challenges became all the more raging. This panoramic scene or tribal and political wars and conflicts in the region became all the bloodier in the 1990s. A number of countries and communities are seen involved in this struggle. The impact of these rivalries fell on gorilla tourism and ethical challenges became a critical area of discussion in this region. Hence, initiatives were taken to address these. However, today, the region is still in a position where still much is needed to be done (International Wildlife, 1999). 4- Challenges Looking specifically at the situation, it is revealed that with the initiatives to increase tourism in central Africa a number of challenges are coming to the forefront. Perhaps, the most critical of the challenges is the pressure being placed on ecological system of the region. This has mainly been caused the recent development of isolated areas for recreational purposes. The problem is so severe that is rings an alarming bell for the concerned authorities. For example, Mgahinga Gorilla National Park presents a bleak situation. Here, â€Å"gorilla deaths from infections have increased along the border as a result of more frequent trekking groups and human contact† [italic added]. Moreover, Rwenzori Mountains gives rise to another mounting problem in the region: wasted left behind in the area by nature hikers. This is seen as a serious health problem and a monstrous future challenge in the region regarding gorilla tourism. Ahead, we find other problem associated to the overall count of these issues. For instance, at present increasing amounts of complaints are registered among Ugandans with regard to the â€Å"trivialization of ethnic rituals for tourism†. Hinged on this very problem is the eviction of communities which have been there for centuries. The major purpose of this eviction is none other than the present trend of developing recreational parks and other protected zones for gorilla tourism. However, this is gaining wider criticism worldwide among critics and opposition among the local peoples. What is more? There is constant reference to the ethnic challenges linked to gender-related inequalities. In particular, â€Å"the rise in tourist-related prostitution and the transmission of HIV-AIDS† [italics added]. Furthermore, there is another ethical disparity rooted in the region with regard to women-centered labor work. Although women here are basic source of tourism handiwork, there is little that has been done to address their work-related problems. For instance, women who produce handicraft have to travel long distances every day only to get the required materials used in their handcraft products. With all these problems, there is still no certain word about political stability of the region which is seen a critical challenge for the present as well as for future development of gorilla tourism in Central Africa (Ringer, 2002). 5- Conclusion To address a number of present ethical challenges and to fight any future issues in the region, there have been quite a few collaborative efforts that have been initiated in Central African Region for as long as last 15 years. Although major programs are sponsored by single donors, there is one notable exception of Dzanga-Sangha Project. This project involves a number of working organizations such as WWF, GTZ, and Peace Corps and numerous other donors from US and Germany. There is mention that several of the informal initiatives undertaken to address ethical issues and other problems did not meet a successful standard in the region. However, it has been well recognized that transboundary management of ethical issues and natural resources is the key solution to major problems in the region. This has been recognized mainly due to the development of a tri-national park which spreads in Dzanga-Sandha. This has proved to be significant in days of conflict and numerous issues related to conflict situation (Blom and Yamindou, 2001). There are other number steps that are being taken to address challenges to gorilla tourism in the region. For instance, research regarding present issues and challenges is seen as a vital solution to a number of problems in the region (Green Campus, 2007). References Blom, A. , Yamindou, J. (2001). A brief history of armed conflict and its impact on biodiversity in the Central African Republic. World Wildlife Fund, Inc. Retrieved on March 2 2009 from: http://www. worldwildlife. org/bsp/publications/africa/141/CAR. pdf Green Campus (2007). The AJ Environmental Education Directory 2007: Green Campus Life and Learning. Alternatives Journal. Volume: 33. Issue: 5. November-December 2007. Page Number: 15+. COPYRIGHT 2007 Alternatives, Inc. Homsy, J. (1999). Ape tourism and human diseases: how close should we get? Retrieved on March 2 2009 from: http://www. igcp. org/pdf/homsy_rev. pdf International Wildlife (1999). Soldiers in the Gorilla War. Magazine Title: International Wildlife. Publication Date: January 1999. COPYRIGHT 1999 National Wildlife Federation. Okaka, W. (2007). The role of media communications in developing tourism policy and cross-cultural communication for peace, security for sustainable tourism industry in Africa. Retrieved on March 2 2009 from: http://www. iipt. org/africa2007/PDFs/Okaka. pdf Ringer, G. (2002). Gorilla tourism: Uganda uses tourism to recover from decades of violent conflict. Alternatives Journal. Volume: 28. Issue: 4. Publication Date: Fall 2002. Page Number: 17+. COPYRIGHT 2002 Alternatives, Inc.

About Dyslexia Essay Example for Free

About Dyslexia Essay Dyslexia is a severe mental disorder which deals with a person having difficulties learning. This medical syndrome occurs in all ethnicities and age groups. Dyslexia is not all about low intelligence, and a lot of people with dyslexia are very creative and gifted like prodigies. Around 15% of United States population is affected by learning disorders and the numbers are drastically increasing. One of the main causes of Dyslexia has to do with Genetics and two popular symptoms are incapability of relating symbols with sounds and repeated word guessing. Two treatments for dyslexia are Allopathic treatment and an organized language program which deals with letter sound system. I will demonstrate and describe Dyslexia’s medical aspects as well as it’ psychological and sociological features. According to the academic article â€Å"Dyslexia† written by Patricia G. Mathes and Jack M. Fletcher on page 289 â€Å"Dyslexia was first described more than 100 years ago.† At that time the cause of Dyslexia was by complexity in stocking up imagery impersonation of words. The first theory of dyslexia was called the strephosymbolia which was introduced by Samuel Orton and it acclaimed that children were having a hard time building control in the brain which lead to failure of suppressing mirror visual counterparts. However, Samuel Orton’s theory is not proven accurate but it persuaded other theories to come about as well as new treatments. (Mathes and Fletcher 289) â€Å"The underlying assumption being that by activating the auditory, tactile, and Kinesthetic modalities of learning, students are able to compensate for inherent weaknesses in the visual domain.† Even nowadays the Orton-Gillingham process of teaching reading is still used. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay These programs mainly focus on educating alphabetical interpretation and this also explains any success achieved by the patients. Treatments that do not involve multisensory methods but teach alphabetical decoding have also been successful. The results from these studies showed that imagery perception has nothing to do with reading skills and also that dyslexic and normal people have the same capacity of imagery perception. However, the precise cause of dyslexia has not been found yet but researches have shown that dyslexia is strongly bonded with genetics; this information is based on the article â€Å"Dyslexia† by Patricia G. Mathes and Jack M. Fletcher on page 291 â€Å"Studies of the heritability of dyslexia show that there is a strong genetic link for reading and reading disabilities.† A good example that proves this point is that an infant whose parents had reading or writing issues is really likely to have learning problems. Fraternal twins with genetic deficit being diagnosed with dyslexia are 50% and over 80% for Identical twins. Based on age, schooling and other traits the approximation of genetic involvement in dyslexia is anywhere from 50% to 80%. Chromosomes 6 and 15 have been recognized as the two genes involved in the cause of dyslexia. Studies have showed that Genetics is not evidently connected with dyslexia but with the reading skills. This research also illustrates that environment plays a huge role in deciding the reading conclusion in children. The development of reading issues in a child with genetic disposition for dyslexia also depends very much on what kind of reading facilities is the child offered at school and home. According to the article â€Å"Dyslexia† by Katy Nelson, N.D. on page 651†Diagnosis is difficult in part . . . rather than as a disease.† What makes is so hard to detect dyslexia is the fact that when during an examination of dyslexia the brain of the patient results in misunderstanding causing the patient to make mistakes and inaccurate information is taken. Based on the text â€Å"Dyslexia† by Ian Smythe it is stated on page 42 â€Å"It should be remembered that dyslexia has a genetic basis, and that at least one of the parent is at increased risk of being dyslexic.† This should be taken seriously and any signs intellectual problems of the parents should be analyzed carefully to eliminate any potential threats of dyslexia. The examination procedure will contain many cognitive tests like working memory and phonological treatment tasks. One of the main exams is for non word spelling in which anonymous words will be used. Many dyslexics are possibly recognized by the schools but there are plenty of instances where the doctor might be the first to be aware of the issues because due to their literacy inabilities numerous kids suffer from nervousness and stress. Symptoms of dyslexia may include difficulty understanding instructions, problems remembering sequence of things, seeing letters in reverse and reading below the expected level of the age of the child. According to the article â€Å"Dyslexia† by Katy Nelson, N.D. on page 651 it is mentioned â€Å"Ronald D. Davis, writing in the Gift of Dyslexia outlines . . . rather than through his or her physiologic eye†. In this paragraph Ronald D. Davis is tells us about one of the treatments of dyslexia which is called the â€Å"moving point of view† mode. Through this treatment a person diagnosed with dyslexia see what he or she thinks they see instead of what their eyesight actually sees. Dyslexics do this very fast so this leaves them puzzled to what the actual word says. How this process works is that the person with dyslexia has to instruct the mind’s eye to go back to a learned standpoint when they understand that it is being seen by the mind and not with their eyes. This can be achieved with evaluation examination by one on one exercise that teaches new mental insight pathways. Gifts of dyslexics such as their unique and enhanced imagination and inquisitiveness are put to use at these exercises consisting of innovative physical activities. This procedure also involves utilizing modeling clay called â€Å"koosh† used for retraining neuropath ways in the brain of a person with dyslexia. Another applicable treatment is the Allopathic medical treatment and it engages the use of anti motion drugs, this concentrates on the symptoms of balance and coordination which results from visual perception modification. Medication such as Cylert or Ritalin affect symptoms of restlessness, distractibility and low self esteem, nootropic drugs are considered to progress cognitive function. The stimulant drugs might be more successful for people with ADD OR ADHD than dyslexia. Side effects for the stimulants are insomnia, nervousness and are contraindicated with allergies, blood pressure and epilepsy. Long term side effects in children may lead to loss of consciousness, changes in nervous system and growth. Dependence might also be caused by decreasing normal levels of stimulants in the brain. Dyslexia can also be viewed through sociological perspective and racism as it is mentioned in the text â€Å"Race and dyslexia† by Asher Hoyles and Martin Hoyles. On page 214 there is an assertion that West Indian children with strong accents, whom the teachers couldn’t comprehend were sent to classes for children with special assistance. African American students have to deal with a syllabus that has less strictness and this leads them to special education. They also have to compete with white opportunities and racism in the shape of the curriculum. On page 214 Maud Blair explains how African American students feel about their teachers and the school which is that black students verified that they consider that they are being treated unjustly. They feel that the teachers function stereotypes which are degrading. Teachers discriminate against them, have low anticipation for them and also don’t listen to them. On page 215 current statistics have shown that black Caribbean students are three times more likely to get expelled from school then white students. Only 15% of the expelled students go back to school. There is very less other educational options which gets them engage in criminal actions. It is very difficult not to notice a relationship between dyslexia and racism. In June 2005 research from the Department for Education and Skills confirmed that 80% of the students expelled from school were dyslexic and 64% of them had special needs. Even the famous actor Danny Glover had to face racism when he was young he said â€Å"Kids made fun of me because . . . came out differently† this is stated on page 215. Psychology is deeply associated with dyslexia on the basis of neuroanatomy and neurolinguistics. Neuroanatomy is the study of arrangement of the nervous system and its composition. Neurolinguistics is the study of neural mechanism in the human brain that manages the fabrication, understanding and acquisition of language. Based on the article â€Å"Dyslexia: Neuroanatomical and Neurolinguistic Perspectives† by George W. Hynd and Cynthia R. Hynd on page 489 neurosciences concur that the whole brain is engaged in reading. This model of reading assumes that the visual matter is included in the occipital lobes where connections are made amongst visual stimuli and words or letters. Data is distributed with input from other sensory modalities in angular gyrus. The authentication proof for the existence of this functional system comes from the case study literature and the electroencephalographic. The variation between normal people and dyslexics with reading is examined by a computerized program which provides a diagram of regional brain electrical actions. The shared electrical activity was the same for dyslexics and normal people while the brain was resting. The brain of dyslexics in the areas hypothesized to be occupied in the functional system of reading illustrated less electrical activity than in normal people. (Hynd and Hynd, 490) dictates that the researches Cytoarchitectonic studies of dyslexic brains point out that dyslexics do not fully use the part of the brain which is significant in reading. The supposition is that this is because of some neuropath logical deficit. It is straightforward for educators and psychologists to visualize different allocations for reading accomplishment, math achievement, IQ and plenty more but for neurological development it appears nearly impossible for these specialists to imagine a separate distribution. It is almost as if a hypothesis is made that everyone was born with a perfect cerebral cortex. Some people even suggested that if the brains of the dyslexics were inspected no faults would be found. The reality is that not all brains are created the same and developmental anomalies in brains are present. (Hynd and Hynd, 491) states that â€Å"Gross and microscopic examination revealed abnormalities only in the left hemisphere.† This sheds light on the Galaburda and Kemper (1979) autopsy report that microscopic irregularity were discovered mainly in the left temporal and parietal regions. A fundamental idea to grasp from these researches is that brain damage doesn’t cause abnormalities. (Hynd and Hynd, 491) it is stated â€Å"These developmental abnormalities may be attributable to congenital factors, autoimmune disease, or, even speculatively, to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.† Neurodevelopment insufficiencies created by these aspects are possibly evident arbitrarily based on the level neurological development. The symptoms originated by trauma are copied from the effects of these deficiencies. (Hynd and Hynd, 491) mentions â€Å"A second but nonetheless important point is that the pattern of these neurodevelopment deficits appears primarily in the region involved in the functional system of reading.† The single pattern was unalike in every case but the efficient neurolinguistic structure was troubled by the abnormalities. The finest operation of the cortical regions concerned with reading skills is dependent on the power of the weakest bond. A breakdown might be brought upon by any deficit in the foundation of cortical regions which is appointed with reading. This clearly clarifies that dyslexics represent many symptoms; a reading malfunction of a distinct child is possibly resulted from a distinct sharing of neurodevelopment abnormalities. (Hynd and Hynd, 491) â€Å"Marshall and Newcombe (1973, 1980) have proposed a neurolinguistic model is reading that takes into account different reading skills deficits they have noted in their work with alexic adults with known brain lesions.† By corresponding examined reading deficits with restricted brain damage in their patients neurolinguistics have progressed their hypotheses. Diagrams of the brain damage of all the patients displaying comparable reading deficiencies by this method to figure out the general source. A dysfunction in the occipital lobe may be the reason for patients who have trouble entering the visual spatial features of words. (Hynd and Hynd, 492) â€Å"Taylor, Fletcher, and Satz (1982) have argued that the same type of model could be applied to children.† Reading complications would be depicted by the examples of reading actions demonstrated by dyslexic children and not by the neuropsychological symptoms. To build a neurolinguistic anatomical model these reading actions could then be related to the neuropsychological data. The neruolinguistic anatomical model is very significant because it has realistic functions and it helps researchers to comprehend the causes of dyslexia. Dyslexia is a very stressful disorder because it upsets the person diagnosed with it for the reason that he or she cannot read even if they are placed in the best education facility. There are many people who have dyslexia around the world and are affected by it immensely. Many people are influenced sociologically by dyslexia because they have to face the issue of self esteem and racial discrimination as it is briefly demonstrated in the article â€Å"Race and dyslexia† by Asher Hoyles and Martin Hoyles. Another discipline that involves dyslexia is psychology because there have been many researches on dyslexia and its treatments based on Neuroanatomical and Neurolinguistic standpoints, this information is stated in the text â€Å"Dyslexia: Neuroanatomical/ Neurolinguistic perspectives† by George W. Hynd and Cynthia R. Hynd. Everyone who has dyslexia should be treated because it can jeopardize their future.

Treaty Breaches and the U.S Government

Treaty Breaches and the U.S Government The greatest danger to American freedom is a government that ignores the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson. Since the first contact with the Europeans, native peoples in the U.S have been battling with powerful government bodies and have repeatedly lost. Looking back to even before the founding of the Union, native populations have went to war against the progressive, overpowering and belittling nature of the government and have walked away with disease, famine and useless treaties. It is these bitter roots that have affected the native nations in the U.S even today. Battle scars of decades past can still be seen on reservations throughout the United States. This isnt a game of finders keepers, there needs to be a fair way to allocate rights and privileges for our nations indigenous populations, different than those weak treaties and broken promises that were the usual way of business in our history. Recent news shows the blatant disregard of native populations in South Dakota with the Dakota Access Pipeline. This is just one of many actions taken by the U.S government that completely goes against treaties explicitly written to protect those nations. The spot light is now shining brightly on the President and the governing body. Now is the time to reveal all the shadows cast on treaty breaches, and finally bring to light all the malpractices and wrongdoings conducted in our great nations history. As defined by Websters Dictionary, Treaty, is a term that describes a contract in writing between two or more political authorities (such as states or sovereigns) formally signed by representatives duly authorized and usually ratified by the lawmaking authority of the state. Article II, Section II and Clause II of the U.S Constitution, clearly explains the role of treaties and how to develop and manage them within the Constitution. (1). In order to make a change for the better, we must understand how treaties are made and how they are handled within our government. By understanding this, we can start to spread the word and educate more people so the issue is broadcasted across the masses. Once people are informed, they can decide to make a change. By exposing the treaty breaches, and understanding how things should be handled, only then can we start to reverse and redact the wrongdoings done by the U.S government. Additionally, supporters like myself of the native nations agree that these treaty breaches are a direct violation of the 1st amendment. The 1st amendment reads, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. (2). By neglecting to follow treaties set up to protect Indian land, culture and well- being, the U.S Government is in direct violation of the very systems they fought to create. Yes, separating ourselves from the tyrant of Great Britain is fine and all, but it means nothing if we act the same way as our former crown and oppress and annihilate our native populations. We all know that as U.S citizens, we must abide and follow the laws written in the Constitution. That being said, when the treaties in the mid 1800s were written and passed, they allowed certain unalienable rights to federally recognized indigenous nations. These federally recognized tribes were placed on reservations and were allowed to have a separate law system than the state they reside in. However, these nations must still follow the U.S Constitution and are subject to federal discretion. When looking at an issue of this magnitude, many people will ask how it affects the common good of our nation. We shouldnt ask how it affects us, we should ask how we can help to diffuse the situation and clear tension between the native peoples and the U.S government. As a nation, we must understand that the treaty agreements were put in place to compensate for a loss of a way of life, land, and government control in the Indian nations. For the sake of our nation, we must come together and solve the issues relating to the mistreatment of our Native American friends. There is a misconception regarding the natives receiving special treatment form the government. Its quite the opposite. We need to educate those, and help bridge the gap between enrolled tribal members and white America. Instead of isolating native people as a different group of people, we need to shuck the mentality of our ancestors and combine cultures and mentalities to ensure the common good of our great country is u pheld. Is oil production more important than the destruction of pristine ecosystems, destruction of reservation land, and the possibility of contaminating an entire watershed? Not to mention the further destruction of indigenous culture and political scandal. We are in trying times. This is the question millions of Native Americans are asking themselves as they protest against the building of the Dakota Access Pipeline. The tribe has led protests that drew hundreds and at times thousands of people who dubbed themselves water protectors to an encampment near the crossing. (3). The pipeline protestors all believe that the oil line will only bring harm. This has been such a large controversy, that like other native-white clashes, there have been lawsuits filed and Constitutional rights questioned. The most recent court case was February 9th, Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe vs. U.S Army Corps of engineers. (4). The Cheyenne Sioux filed to halt the operations on reservation land. Proponents of the pi peline say that the economic benefit is very high, and that this project will benefit the whole region. Whether youre for the pipeline or in complete opposition like most of the U.Ss native population, its important to take into consideration both sides of the argument. The greatest danger to American freedom is a government that ignores the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson. We cant be successful as a nation if we are constantly questioning our government. If we as citizens are in doubt of our freedom, then the words written on that sheet of parchment paper in 1776 mean nothing, much how natives see the treaties in that document as well, meaningless phrases and transparent promises. We have struggled in civil wars and recent terrorist attacks that have sparked nationalism and made Americans value their way of life. We cant keep disregarding the native populations and hoping they will just roll over and take it. The founders of America had a dream, build an empire where people could be free, and enjoy natural rights. I think our government has lost sight of that dream. The constant oppression and mistreatment of American Indians is a mindset over a hundred years old. When we open our minds and fully understand how the Constitution can guide us all is when we will truly unite as one nation. Lets not be stuck in General Custers mindset, we dont have to march hastily into impending doom. We are in a position to slow down, think about the future, help remedy the past, and come together as a nation to ensure that the U.S will always be the Home of the Free Because of the Brave. Works cited http://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/2/essays/90/treaty-clause https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/first_amendment http://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/02/07/army-to-allow-completion-of-dakota-access-oil-pipeline?gclid=Cj0KEQiAw_DEBRChnYiQ_562gsEBEiQA4LcssiBXm0J7aiNNNLTnP3uZmBUTyOoiyI0EmJt-fGk-A7caAreL8P8HAQ https://www.law360.com/articles/890286

Middlemarch Essay -- Literary Analysis, Elliot

Middlemarch, a Victorian novel written by George Elliot, depicts a realistic view of a conventional society in the eighteenth century. Middlemarch, the town in England where the setting of the novel takes place, embodies many provincial characters who are affected by the social world where they live and interact with each other. The novel focuses on many of the characters and their relationships as part of a whole in a human social web. Among the many characters, the main ones include: Dorothea Brooke, a beautiful, good, and caring young woman, but very naà ¯ve and idealistic; Edward Casaubon, a boring old scholar who marries Dorothea; Rosamond Vincy, a gorgeous young woman, but very egoistic and self-centered; Tertius Lydgate, a brilliant and handsome physician who marries Rosamond; Will Ladislaw, a passionate young artist who falls in love with Dorothea and later marries her after Mr. Casaubon’s death; Fred Vincy, a good-natured young man who is often in debt; and Mary Gart h, a plain woman, but very kind and sensible. Elliot focuses heavily on the realities of marriage and the incompatibility between a couple based on idealistic notions about each other and marriage in general. Idealism leads to the failure of the marriages between Dorothea Brooke and Edward Casaubon and Tertius Lydgate and Rosamond Vincy. The downfall of these two unions stands in stark contrast with the marriage between Fred Vincy and Mary Garth. Fred and Mary do not have idealistic notions about each other and are realistic in their thinking and approach to marriage which is the reason for their success and mutual happiness. Dorothea’s second marriage is also a success because she does not base her thinking and happiness on ideal beliefs. In the beginning of ... ...rd and the union between Tertius and Rosamond. The marriages between these couples are failures because they are blind to the faults of their spouses. It is only after marriage that these characters realize the mistakes that they made. The ideal visions are crushed by the depressing reality. They cannot continue to idealize when they learn and see the truth. The marriage between Fred and Mary and the marriage between Dorothea and Will are successful because they are free from the ideals that hide the truth and cause unhappiness. These couples did not hold high expectations for each other or for their marriages. They saw and accepted reality as it was and humbled themselves. The idealism in the novel only led to the downfall and unhappiness of the characters in their marriages. The successful marriages on the other hand were free from high expectations and ideals.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I realize that, during these short minutes I have to address my fellow classmates, all I truly have to offer you are my own thoughts and a little bit of philosophy that I have picked up during my three years here at West High School. Throughout our high school careers, we have been presented with clichà ©s and catch-phrases that are meant to epitomize our entire school career into three or four words: Class of 2000, Bridge to the Millennium, and The Future is Now. As true as all of those phrases may be, I do not believe that any of them can define our entire education. The common tie between all of those themes is this: They all focus on what is to come. They tell us of how we should be years from now, as opposed to acknowledging how we are at this moment. What I want to focus on now i...

Monarchy Essay -- Canadian History, Politics

In Canada, the type of government it should have is a monarchy. Although, there are many benefits and disadvantages to a monarchy, there are many drawbacks to having a republic government. Canada is a theatre, in which every citizen played a significant role. Of this grand production, the monarchist is a playwright who tampers with the script to give Canada the benefits, while giving the nation it’s own independence. Monarchy is a form of government in a state, in which an individual has sovereign power. The ruler is known as the monarch, which refers to the head of state or ruler of a monarchy (Makarenko, 2007). The majority of monarchs can hold the position for their lifetime; however, their authority can be transmitted in two avenues, they either abdicate the throne or pass away, and in most cases, their families succeed them (Makarenko, 2007). There are two different types of monarchy: absolute and constitutional monarchy (Makarenko, 2007). Absolute monarchy is when the monarch has complete control, while constitutional monarchy is when the monarch is recognized known as the head of state, but with certain constraints (Makarenko, 2007). Republic is a form of government, in which the people and their elected representatives hold power (Makarenko, 2007). It is an alternative to the monarchy, which focuses on the â€Å"hereditary royal lineage† ((Makarenko, 2007). The people of state with the republic government play a significant role in many decisions (Makarenko, 2007). Some examples of this are participating in elections and reforming certain things (Makarenko, 2007). The form of government that Canada orchestrated is commonly known as a constitutional monarchy (Makarenko, 2007). This includes formal authority given to the ... ...me minister who is the controller. We see this in many examples, such as when the prime minister tells the representative when to dissolve parliament. Nevertheless, the Canadian government may seem dependent on monarchial approval, in reality the true authoritative power lies within the Parliament; the monarch is merely a figurehead. . Another reason why keeping the constitutional monarchy is because it preserves and honours the historical process of becoming the country we are today. As well, it makes sure that the elected head is not the head of state. Thus, keeping powers of government distributed equally. Keeping the monarchy system in Canada has many benefits to it. There are many disadvantages to the monarchy and a republic government. Thus, the Canadian government should remain a monarchy. If nothing is wrong it, then there is no real reason to change it.

How to Get Free Essays Without Submitting

Entries and relative size According to the publishers, it would take a single person 120 years to type the 59 million words of the OED second edition, 60 years to proofread it, and 540 megabytes to store it electronically. [4] As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries. Supplementing the entry headwords, there are 157,000 bold-type combinations and derivatives; 169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations; 616,500 word-forms in total, including 137,000 pronunciations; 249,300 etymologies; 577,000 cross-references; and 2,412,400 usage quotations. The dictionary's latest, complete print edition (Second Edition, 1989) was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, which required 60,000 words to describe some 430 senses. As entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007. [5] Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the world's largest nor earliest dictionary. The Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, which has similar aims to the OED, is the largest and it took twice as long to complete. The earliest large dictionary is the Grimm brothers' dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838 and completed in 1961. The first edition of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which is the first great dictionary devoted to a modern European language (Italian), was published in 1612; the first edition of Dictionnaire de l'Academie francaise dates from 1694. The first edition of the official dictionary of Spanish, the Diccionario de la lengua espanola (produced, edited, and published by the Real Academia Espanola) was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published even earlier, in 1716. The OED's official policy is to attempt to record a word's most-known usages and variants in all varieties of English past and present, worldwide. Per the 1933 â€Å"Preface†: The aim of this Dictionary is to present in alphabetical series the words that have formed the English vocabulary from the time of the earliest records [ca. AD740] down to the present day, with all the relevant facts concerning their form, sense-history, pronunciation, and etymology. It embraces not only the standard language of literature and conversation, whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or archaic, but also the main technical vocabulary, and a large measure of dialectal usage and slang. It continues: Hence we exclude all words that had become obsolete by 1150 [the end of the Old English era] †¦ Dialectal words and forms which occur since 1500 are not admitted, except when they continue the history of the word or sense once in general use, illustrate the history of a word, or have themselves a certain literary currency. The OED is the focus of much scholarly work about English words. Its headword variant spellings order list influences written English in English-speaking countries. [citation needed] [edit] History [edit] Origins At first, the dictionary was unconnected to Oxford University but was the idea of a small group of intellectuals in London;[6] it originally was a Philological Society project conceived in London by Richard Chenevix Trench, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the current English dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an â€Å"Unregistered Words Committee† to search for unlisted and undefined words lacking in current dictionaries. In November, Trench's report was not a list of unregistered words; instead, it was the study On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified seven distinct shortcomings in contemporary dictionaries: Incomplete coverage of obsolete words Inconsistent coverage of families of related words Incorrect dates for earliest use of words History of obsolete senses of words often omitted Inadequate distinction among synonyms Insufficient use of good illustrative quotations Space wasted on inappropriate or redundant content. The Philological Society, however, ultimately realized that the number of unlisted words would be far more than the number of words in the English dictionaries of the 19th century. The Society eventually shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new dictionary. [7] Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips. In 1858, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title â€Å"A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles† (NED). [edit] Early editors Richard Chenevix Trench played the key role in the project's first months, but his ecclesiastical career meant that he could not give the dictionary project the time required, easily ten years[citation needed]; he withdrew, and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor. Frederick Furnivall, 1825–1910On 12 May 1860, Coleridge's dictionary plan was published, and research started. His house was the first editorial office. He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the group published the first sample pages; later that month, the thirty-one-year old Coleridge died of tuberculosis. Furnivall then became editor; he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable, yet temperamentally ill-suited for the work. [8] Many volunteer readers eventually lost interest in the project as Furnivall failed to keep them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips had been misplaced. Recruited assistants handled two tons of quotation slips and other materials. Furnivall understood the need for an efficient excerpting system, and instituted several prefatory projects. In 1864, he founded the Early English Text Society, and in 1868, he founded the Chaucer Society for preparing general benefit editions of immediate value to the dictionary project. The compilation lasted 21 years. [citation needed] In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both Henry Sweet and Henry Nicol to succeed him. He then approached James Murray, who accepted the post of editor. In the late 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the dictionary. In 1878, Oxford University Press agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project; the agreement was formalized the following year. [9] The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years after the idea was conceived. It would be another 50 years before the entire dictionary was complete. Despite the participation of some 800 volunteer readers, the technology of paper-and-ink was the major drawback regarding the arbitrary choices of relatively untrained volunteers about â€Å"what to read and select† and â€Å"what to discard. â€Å"[cite this quote][clarification needed] Late in his editorship Murray learned that one prolific reader W. C. Minor was a criminal lunatic. [10] Minor, a Yale University trained surgeon and military officer in the U. S. Civil War, was confined to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane after killing a man in London. The story of Minor and Murray is told in Simon Winchester's The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary[11] (U. S. title – elsewhere The Surgeon of Crowthorne: a tale of murder, madness and the love of words). Minor invented his own quotation-tracking system allowing him to submit slips on specific words in response to editors' requests. edit] Oxford editors James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury RoadDuring the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope. Although they had pages printed by publishers, no publication agreement was reached; both the Cambridge University Press and the Oxford University Press were approached. Finally, in 1879, after two years' negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to publish the dictionary and to pay the editor, Murray, who was also the Philological Society president. The dictionary was to be published as interval fascicles, with the final form in four 6,400-page volumes. They hoped to finish the project in ten years. Murray started the project, working in a corrugated iron outbuilding, the â€Å"Scriptorium†, which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips. He tracked and regathered Furnivall's collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare, interesting words rather than common usages: for instance, there were ten times as many quotations for abusion than for abuse. citation needed] Through newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, he appealed for readers who would report â€Å"as many quotations as you can for ordinary words† and for words that were â€Å"rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar or used in a peculiar way. â€Å"[cite this quote] Murray had American philologist and liberal-arts-college professor Francis March manage the collectio n in North America; 1,000 quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium, and by 1882, there were 3,500,000. The first Dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884—-twenty-three years after Coleridge's sample pages. The full title was A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society; the 352-page volume, words from A to Ant, cost 12s. 6d or U. S. $3. 25. The total sales were a disappointing 4,000 copies. [citation needed] The OUP saw it would take too long to complete the work with unrevised editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were hired and two new demands were made on Murray. The first was that he move from Mill Hill to Oxford; he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property. The 78 Banbury Road, Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English DictionaryMurray resisted the second demand: that if he could not meet schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to him, outside his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not want to share the work, feeling he would accelerate his work pace with experience. citation needed] That turned out not to be so, and Philip Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murray's assistant Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the British Museum in London, beginning in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford University. Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concerns—containing costs and speedy production—to the point where the project's collapse seemed like ly. Newspapers[specify] reported the harassment, and public opinion backed the editors. Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would; it was an important work, and worth the time and money to properly finish. Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to see it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for words starting with A-D, H-K, O-P and T, nearly half the finished dictionary; Bradley died in 1923, having completed E-G, L-M, S-Sh, St and W-We. By then two additional editors had been promoted from assistant work to independent work, continuing without much trouble. William Craigie, starting in 1901, was responsible for N, Q-R, Si-Sq, U-V and Wo-Wy. Whereas previously the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor. The fourth editor was C. T. Onions, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges, Su-Sz, Wh-Wo and X-Z. It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range [12]; he parodied the principal editors as â€Å"The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford† in the story Farmer Giles of Ham. Julian Barnes also was an employee; he was said[who? ] to dislike the work. [edit] Fascicles By early 1894 a total of 11 fascicles had been published, or about one per year: four for A-B, five for C, and two for E. Of these, eight were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group was shorter to end at the letter break (which would eventually become a volume break). At this point it was decided to publish the work in smaller and more frequent instalments: once every three months, beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 4 pages, priced at 2s. 6d. or $1 U. S. If enough material was ready, 128 or even 192 pages would be published together. This pace was maintained until World War I forced reductions in staff. Each time enough consecutive pages were available, the same material was also published in the original larger fascicles. Also in 1895, the title Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used. It then appeared only on the outer covers of the fascicles; the original title was still the official one and was used everywhere else. The 125th and last fascicle, covering words from Wise to the end of W, was published on 19 April 1928, and the full Dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately. The early modern English prose of Sir Thomas Browne is probably the most frequently quoted source of neologisms in the completed dictionary. William Shakespeare is the most-quoted writer, with Hamlet his most-quoted work. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted woman writer. Collectively, the Bible is the most-quoted work (but in many different translations); the most-quoted single work is Cursor Mundi. edit] Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement Between 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to make a one volume supplement so the dictionary was reissued as the set of 12 volumes and a one-volume supplement in 1933. [edit] Second Supplement and Second Edition In 1933 Oxford had finally put the Dictionary to rest; all work ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English language continued to change, and by the time 20 years had passed, the Dictionary was outdated. There were three possible ways to update it. The cheapest would have been to leave the existing work alone and simply compile a new supplement of perhaps one or two volumes; but then anyone looking for a word or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three different places. The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place; but this would have been the most expensive option, with perhaps 15 volumes required to be produced. The OUP chose a middle approach: combining the new material with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement. Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the second supplement; Onions, who turned 84 that year, was still able to make some contributions as well. Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modern-day language, and through the supplement the dictionary was expanded to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of science and technology, as well as popular culture and colloquial speech. Burchfield also broadened the scope to include developments of the language in English-speaking regions beyond the United Kingdom, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean. The work was expected to take seven to ten years. [citation needed] It actually took 29 years, by which time the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H, O and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement. By this time it was clear that the full text of the Dictionary would now need to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping it once, but thereafter it would always be accessible for computer searching — as well as for whatever new editions of the dictionary might be desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes and the main text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and editorial work started the following year under the administrative direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner as co-editors. Editing an entry of the NOED using LEXXAnd so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began. More than 120 keyboarders of the International Computaprint Corporation in Tampa, Florida, and Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, USA, started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient; all the information represented by the complex typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was done by marking up the content in SGML. A specialized search engine and display software were also needed to access it. Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software work was done at the University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led by Frank Tompa and Gaston Gonnet; this search technology went on to become the basis for the Open Text Corporation. Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the project were donated by the British subsidiary of IBM; the colour syntax-directed editor for the project, LEXX, was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM. [13] The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to design the database. A. Walton Litz, an English professor at Princeton University who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted in Time as saying â€Å"I've never been associated with a project, I've never even heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline. â€Å"[14] By 1989 the NOED project had achieved its primary goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfield's supplement, and a small amount of newer material, into a single unified dictionary. The word â€Å"new† was again dropped from the name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published. The first edition retronymically became the OED1. The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, there was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were made roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B. B. C. , Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise, Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave. Although the content of the OED2 is mostly just a reorganization of the earlier corpus, the retypesetting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes. The headword of each entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily see those words that actually require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard available at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern International Phonetic Alphabet. Unlike the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated. The British quiz show Countdown has awarded the leather-bound complete version to the champions of each series since its inception in 1982. When the print version of the second edition was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic. The author Anthony Burgess declared it â€Å"the greatest publishing event of the century,† as quoted by Dan Fisher of the Los Angeles Times (25 March 1989). [cite this quote] TIME dubbed the book â€Å"a scholarly Everest,†[14] and Richard Boston, writing for the London Guardian (24 March 1989), called it â€Å"one of the wonders of the world. â€Å"[cite this quote] New material was published in the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and a third in 1997, bringing the dictionary to a total of 23 volumes. Each of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. However, no more Additions volumes are planned, and it is not expected that any part of the Third Edition, or OED3, will be printed in fascicles. [edit] Compact editions In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume, Compact Edition, by photographically reducing each page to one-half its linear dimensions; each compact edition page held four OED1 pages in a four-up (â€Å"4-up†) format. The two volume letters were A and P; the Supplement was at the second volume's end. The Compact Edition included, in a small slip-case drawer, a magnifying glass to help in reading reduced type. Many copies were inexpensively distributed through book clubs. In 1987, the second Supplement was published as a third volume to the Compact Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up (â€Å"9-up†) format requiring greater magnification, but allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a agnifying glass as before and A User's Guide to the â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary†, by Donna Lee Berg. After these volumes were published, though, book club offers commonly continued to sell the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition. [edit] Electronic versions A screenshot of the first version of the OED Second Edition CD-ROM software. Once the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, it was also available to be published on CD-ROM. The text of the First Edition w as made available in 1988. Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued. Version 1 (1992) was identical in content to the printed Second Edition, and the CD itself was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it had clumsy copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even cause the program to deny use to OUP staff in the midst of demonstrating the product. [citation needed] Version 3. 0 was released in 2002 with additional words and software improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that of the earlier version. Version 3. 1. 1 (2007) includes a return to the less restrictive nature of version 1, with support for hard disk installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. It has been reported that this version will work on operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, using emulation programs. [15][16] Version 4. 0 of the CD, available since June 2009, works with Windows 7 and, for the first time ever, with Mac OS X (10. 4 or later). [17][18] This version will use the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive. On 14 March 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers. [19] The online database contains the entire OED2 and is updated quarterly with revisions that will be included in the OED3 (see below). The online edition is the most up-to-date version of the dictionary available. Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for mobile devices, they have stated that there are plans to provide an API which would enable developers to develop different interfaces for querying the OED. [20] As the price for an individual to use this edition, even after a reduction in 2004, is ? 95 or US$295 every year, most subscribers are large organizations such as universities. Some of them do not use the Oxford English Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the entire database into their organization's computers. [citation needed] Some public libraries and companies have subscribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public libraries in Engla nd, Wales, and New Zealand;[21][22][23] any person belonging to a library subscribing to the service is able to use the service from their own home. Another method of payment was introduced in 2004, offering residents of North or South America the opportunity to pay US$29. 95 a month to access the online site. [edit] Third Edition The planned Third Edition, or OED3, is intended as a nearly complete overhaul of the work. Each word is being examined and revised to improve the accuracy of the definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotations—a task requiring the efforts of a staff consisting of more than 300 scholars, researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost about $55 million. The result is expected to double the overall length of the text. The style of the dictionary will also change slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources. The new edition, however, will reference all manner of printed resources, such as cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, specialist journals, and rock lyrics. The pace of inclusion of new words has been increased to the rate of about 4,000 a year. The estimated date of completion is 2037. [24][25] New content can be viewed through the OED Online or on the periodically updated CD-ROM edition. As of 1993, John Simpson is the Chief Editor. Since the first work by each editor tends to require more revision than his later, more polished work, (work on the first edition was begun at A) it was decided to balance out this effect, by performing the early, and perhaps itself less polished, work of the current revision at a letter other than A. Accordingly, the main work of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M. When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the first batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entries), stretching from M to mahurat, and successive sections of text have since been released on a quarterly basis; by March 2010, the revised section had reached Rg. As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is also included in each quarterly release. In March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternate each quarter between moving forward in the alphabet as before and updating â€Å"key English words from across the alphabet, along with the other words which make up the alphabetical cluster surrounding them. † The production of the new edition takes full advantage of computers, particularly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named â€Å"Perfect All-Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Notation Application†, or â€Å"Pasadena. With this XML-based system, the attention of lexicographers can be directed more to matters of content than to presentation issues such as the numbering of definitions. The new system has also simplified the use of the quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the Dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts. [26] Other important computer uses include internet searches for evidence of current usage, and e-mail submissions of quotations by readers and the general public. Wordhunt was a 2005 appeal to the general public for help in providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series, Balderdash and Piffle. The OED’s small army of devoted readers continue to contribute quotations; the department currently receives about 200,000 a year. [edit] Spelling Main article: Oxford spelling The OED lists British headword spellings (e. g. labour, centre) with variants following (labor, center, etc. ). For the suffix more commonly spelt -ise in British English, OUP policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, e. . realize vs realise and globalization vs globalisation. The rationale is partly linguistic, that the English suffix mainly derives from the Greek suffix - , (-izo), or the Latin -izare; however, -ze is also an Americanism insofar as the -ze suffix has crept into words where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British English), which is spelt analyze in A merican English. [27] See also -ise/-ize at American and British English spelling differences. The sentence â€Å"The group analysed labour statistics published by the organization† is an example of OUP practice. This spelling (indicated with the registered IANA language tag en-GB-oed) is used by the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the International Organization for Standardization, and many British academic publications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal, and The Times Literary Supplement. [edit] Criticisms Despite its claim of authority[citation needed] on the English language, the Oxford English Dictionary has been criticised from various angles. Indeed, it has become a target precisely because of its massiveness, its claims to authority, and, above all, its influence. In his review of the 1982 supplement, University of Oxford linguist Roy Harris writes that criticizing the OED is extremely difficult because â€Å"one is dealing not just with a dictionary but with a national institution†, one that â€Å"has become, like the English monarchy, virtually immune from criticism in principle†. [28] Harris also criticises what he sees as the â€Å"black-and-white lexicography† of the Dictionary, by which he means its reliance upon printed language over spoken—and then only privileged forms of printing. He further notes that, while neologisms from respected â€Å"literary† authors such as Samuel Beckett and Virginia Woolf are included, usage of words in newspapers or other, less â€Å"respectable†, sources hold less sway, although they may be commonly used. [28] In contrast, Tim Bray, co-creator of Extensible Markup Language (XML), credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that markup language. Similarly, the author Anu Garg, founder of Wordsmith. org, has called the Oxford English Dictionary a â€Å"lex icon. † [29] [edit] See also Canadian Oxford Dictionary Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English Concise Oxford English Dictionary New Oxford American Dictionary Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary Oxford Dictionary of English Shorter Oxford English Dictionary [edit] Notes ^ OED2 from Amazon. com ^ Oxford University Press ^ OED is through Rg from the official OED website ^ OED Facts ^ http://www. oed. com/news/updates/revisions0712. html ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 103–104, 112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 107–108. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 110. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. p. xiii. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ OED Contributors: Tolkien ^ LEXX – A pro grammable structured editor, Cowlishaw, M. F. , IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151 ^ a b Paul Gray, â€Å"A Scholarly Everest Gets Bigger,† Time, 27 March 1989. R. J. Holmgren, â€Å"v3. x under Mac OS X and Linux†, last revised 22 March 2008. Accessed 19 April 2008 ^ â€Å"Bernie† from ELearnAid. com, â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary News†, 6 May 2004. Accessed 19 April 2008 ^ â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Version 4. 0 (Windows & Mac)†. http://www. amazon. com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/. ^ â€Å"Mac Compatibility†. http://www. oup. co. uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/#4. ^ Juliet New (22 March 2000). â€Å"‘The world's greatest dictionary' goes online†. Ariadne (23). ISSN 1361-3200. http://www. ariadne. ac. k/issue23/oed-online/. Retrieved 18 March 2007. , ^ â€Å"Looking Forward to an Oxford English Dictionary API†. htt p://blog. webometrics. org. uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english. html. ^ â€Å"Oxford Online in English Public Libraries†. http://www. oup. com/online/englishpubliclibraries/. ^ â€Å"New Zealand procurement†. http://epic. org. nz/nl/Procurement. html. ^ â€Å"OED on-line New Zealand†. http://epic. org. nz/nl/oup. html#oed. ^ Stephanie Willen Brown, From Unregistered Words to OED3, CogSci Librarian, 23 August 2007. Accessed 23 October 2007. ^ Simon Winchester. History of the Oxford English Dictionary TVOntario Big Ideas. (27 May 2007). Podcast accessed on 1 December 2007. ^ Liz Thompson (December 2005). â€Å"Pasadena: A Brand New System for the OED† (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary News (Oxford University Press): p. 4. http://oed. com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12. pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2007. ^ http://www. askoxford. com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/ize? view=get ^ a b Harris 1982, p. 935. ^ Globe & Mail [edit] References Creaser, Wanda. Review of Willinsky, John, Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 50:1 (1996): 108–109. JSTOR. 7 April 2008. [1] Harris, Roy (3 September 1982). â€Å"The History Men†. Times Literary Supplement: 935–936. Gleick, James (5 November 2006). â€Å"Cyber-Neologoliferation†. The New York Times Magazine. [edit] Further reading Caught in the Web of Words: J. A. H. Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary, by K. M. Elisabeth Murray, Oxford University Press and Yale University Press, 1977; new edition 2001, Yale University Press, trade paperback, ISBN 0-300-08919-8. Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary, by John Willinsky, Princeton University Press, 1995, hardcover, ISBN 0-691-03719-1. The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary, Simon Winchester, Oxford University Press, 2003, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-860702-4. (UK title) The Surgeon of Crowthorne / (US title) The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford English Dictionary, by Simon Winchester; see The Surgeon of Crowthorne for full details of the various editions. Lost for Words: The Hidden History of the Oxford English Dictionary, by Lynda Mugglestone, Yale University Press, 2005, hardcover, ISBN 0-300-10699-8. The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary, by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, and Edmund Weiner, Oxford University Press, 2006, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-861069-6. Treasure-House of the Language: the Living OED, Charlotte Brewer, Yale University Press, 2007, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3. Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made, by Jonathon Green, Jonathan Cape, 1996, hardcover, ISBN 0-224-04010-3. edit] External links The Oxford English Dictionary's official website Archive of documents (as page images), including Trench's original â€Å"Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries† paper Murray's original appeal for readers Their page of OED statistics, and another such page. Two sample pagesPDF (1. 54 MiB) from the OED. Examining the OED: Charlotte Brewer's analysis of the principles a nd practices used by OED editors Bibliography of â€Å"[c]ritical assessments of OED or accounts of its history†, from Examining the OED The OED Meets Cyberspace: James Gleick's 2006 article.