Resolution in international trade Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resolution in international trade - Dissertation Example The research methodology used for this study will be aligned with the nature of the study, as a legal research paper. In this context, the research required for the development of this paper will have two different forms: a) literature review, i.e. review of the academic studies (books, journals and so on) published on the issues under discussion and b) case studies analysis, i.e. review of the case law related to the specific subject.Since its introduction, GATT helped towards the expansion of international trade law framework; however, through the years, the specific system was proved inadequate for the conflicts developed in international trade agreements. It was probably the fact that the international political and economic climate had changed and new needs were developed in regard to the settlement of disputes related to international trade. The above fact is made clear through the study of Davey (2006) where reference is made to the effectiveness of GATT in ‘dispute rela ted to agricultural trade products’ (Davey, 2006, p. 185). Despite the fact that GATT has been highly related to the specific sector, still its rules where not adequately enforced in disputes developed in the particular field (Davey, 2006, p. 185). Another important weakness of GATT was the fact that it did not offer ‘development-specific provisions’ – actually, it is noted that up to 1960s only two such provisions could be identified in GATT - and that its decisions ‘were taken by consensus’.

Week 5 discusison and participation questions Essay

Week 5 discusison and participation questions - Essay Example The cycles differ in methodology, time requirements, documentation requisites, man hours needed, and complexity. The accounts payable account is very important because most acquisition and payment transactions go through that account. Due to the fact that the accounts payable account is usually material auditors often have to use extensive analytical procedures and tests of details of balances. Accounts payables can be defined as unpaid obligations for goods and services. The methodology to perform an audit of accounts payables is illustrated in the following steps: It is amazing how accurate and reliable independent audits of financial statements are. There are tens of thousands of audits performed yearly on public companies and auditors accurately determine when any material misstatement or fraudulent activity occurs. Two analytical procedures that can be used to compare data and information from the financial statements is vertical and horizontal analysis. The use of statistical models can help auditors determine the audit risk very accurately. Material misstatements can be identified accurately by the auditors when they have the full honest cooperation of the accounting and managerial staff. Your assessment of the importance of test controls is very accurate. If an auditor determines that the managerial staff established good internal controls the auditor has a better audit trail to follow. Substantive test are critical for auditors to determine whether a company is subject to audit risks. If a company has internal weaknesses within the accounting department substantive tests can detect these types of accounting anomalies. It is true that auditors often assumed that if the internal controls of the company are strong the risk of fraudulent behavior is lower. The ability of auditors to identify risks and ways to fix those risks to improve the efficiency of an operation is a value added proposition of auditing work. Substantive

Understanding Of The Caste System In India

Understanding Of The Caste System In India There is a vast literature on Caste system in India with a long and diverse background. This chapter aims to review some of the relevant literatures pertaining to the caste system prevailing in India. Different authors might have varied perceptions about this particular topic for discussion. M.N.Srinivas (1962) in his book Caste in Modern India and Other Essays, highlights the part played by caste in democratic processes of modern India in administration and education. The author came across certain conflicting attitudes among the people of the elite class whereby one group wanted legislation to eradicate the social evils pertaining to the caste system and on the other hand, there were people who were not only determined not to fight the evil but also tried to practise this system. In his work he tries to explain the concepts of two social processes namely Sanskritization and Westernization. Sankritization is the part of social mobility as well as the idiom in which mobility expresses itself. This is said to occur within the framework of caste whereas Westernization happens outside the framework of caste. However, Sanskritisation may lead to castes becoming unpopular with their neighbours whereby the leaders of upper or dominant caste may show their bitterness by even to rturing the members of the lower castes. In independent India, the reservations and safeguards granted to the backwards sections especially the Scheduled Caste and Tribes have helped in the upliftment of the lower caste. He also brings into notice the effects of British rule on the caste system which in a way helped in taking over the power previously exercised by the caste panchayats. A new principle of justice was introduced by the British which said all men are equal before the law, and that the nature of a wrong is not affected by the caste of a person who is committing it, or by the caste of the person against whom it is committed (M.N.Srinivas, 1962). This has not been fully followed in the rural areas where caste panchayats are still functioning strongly. The author argues that the Varna system has certainly warped the caste but it has enabled ordinary folks to comprehend the caste system by providing them with a simple and candid system that is applicable to all parts of Ind ia. To the question of can castes exists in the India of tomorrow the author opines that only a minority considers caste as an evil to the whole nation and that this minority is gradually increasing every day. Moreover in rural areas it is possible to come across urbanized young people who consider caste detrimental to healthy relations between people. He concludes by saying that nothing else but the people themselves must understand that caste necessarily means casteism and that benefits it offers are bought at a heavy price for the country as a whole. Taya.Zinkin (1962) in her book Caste Today describes the caste system in India. She considers its origin, the way it works, what democracy is doing to caste and vice versa. In her work she states that caste is not class and that every caste has educated and uneducated, rich and poor, well born and ordinary born. The author also says that caste is not dependent on colour because a Brahmin will not stop being a Brahmin if he is black skinned nor does an untouchable stop being one if he is fair skinned. She also argues that caste is not based on occupation, however various other literatures may not completely agree to what this author states. According to her caste is a way of life which divides society into small groups, each of which lives in a rather different way from the rest. Due to these differences, tiny groups and important aspects of life like marriage take place within them, these groups have immense control of power and thus a better survival. Before she goes into the detail s of castes, sub- castes and untouchability she tries to explain the concept of re- incarnation. It is said that the whole system is based upon a combination of status fixed by birth and rebirth. This means that a persons birth in the existing life depends on the consequences of his deeds done in past life i.e. if one performs his duties well complying with what he is supposed to do then he may be reborn in a better situation or not be reborn at all. Marriage customs vary with castes and sub-castes. Untouchables usually make late marriages unlike the Brahmins who make early arranged child marriages. Finally Tan Zinkin(1962) talks about the beginnings of the breakdown and the loss of belief of the Hindu society. Change of attitudes among the castes and sub-castes were witnessed. More recently, loss of belief has been the result, of the spread of education to the rural areas. With education came an arousing of new expectations, which through much of the Indian peninsula produced a new non-Brahmanical leadership, a leadership which was not only non- Brahmin but positively anti -Brahmin (Tan Zinkin, 1962.pp38). Tan Zinkin has been pretty much argumentative on the concept of caste. She strongly says what caste in not rather than what caste is. The theory about re incarnation has helped me to know more about the birth and rebirth cycle with regard to the caste system. Marc Galanter (1963.pp 544-559) in his article Law and Caste in Modern India focuses on caste and laws pertaining to it during the British rule in India. He describes the way in which the legal rules and regulations affect the caste as an institution. The legal view of caste is explained under three headings namely personal law, caste autonomy and precedence and disabilities. First being legal rights and obligations of a person which is determined by the identity of the caste group to which he belongs. During the British period caste was little used for the occurrence of legal regulation and moreover all castes irrespective of their ranks had to follow the same rights and duties. However caste customs varied when it came to law of succession, law of adoption and law of marriage. Marriages between different castes or varnas were not allowed. Caste autonomy conferred some right to the caste groups to enforce certain rules which were not disturbed by the government. Precedence and disab ilities dealt with the legal interventions with regard to the relations between castes. Courts imposed certain rules such as restriction on the entry of a particular caste into temples. This shows that even though the British did help in reducing the caste discrimination, on the other hand they ended up aggravating it to a certain extent. The author also talks about the independent India where the higher castes have lost their dominance over legal matters and moreover the lower ahs castes have acquired certain government benefits regarding equality and other preferential treatments. Marc Galanter (1963) concludes this essay by saying that British period may be considered as a period ofSanskritzation in legal notion of caste. (1963.pp559) Caste- based oppression in India lives today in an environment seemingly hostile to its presence: a nation-state that has long been labelled the worlds Largest democracy, a progressive and protective constitution; a system of laws designed to proscribe and punish acts of a discrimination on the basis of caste; broad- based programmes of affirmative action that include constitutionally mandated reservations or quotas for Dalits or so- called Untouchables; and a aggressive economic liberalization campaign to fuel Indias economic growth. Says Smitha Narula(2008) in her article Equal by Law, Unequal by Caste: The Untouchable Condition in Critical Race Perspective. The author talks about the caste system and the discrimination attached to it and the inequality witnessed in India today focusing on the caste and gender- based discrimination and its impact on the Dalits of India. Dr.Santosh Singh Anant(1972) in his work The Changing Concept of Caste in India enumerates the psychological aspects of caste, inter- caste relations and of untouchability. He comments on the theory of status consistency and it is defined as the extent to which an individuals rank positions on a given hierarchies are at a comparable level (Rush, 1967). A Brahmin working as peon in an office and an untouchable or anyone from the lower caste working as a senior officer would be an apt example for status inconsistency. This is however happening due to the spread of education. He brings in one of the several views about the origin of caste system which dates back to 1500 B.C with the advent of Aryans from Central Asia. According to Nehru (1960) The Dravdians were the conquered race and Aryans the conquerors. Since the Dravidians were advanced in their civilization, Aryans considered them to be a potential threat to them. This is considered to be one of reasons why Aryans tried to push th e Dravidians to an inferior position and thus created the theory of four- Varnas or the caste system. The author also points out that socio-economic factors such as education, industrialization, and increase in mobility have abated the rate of discrimination of caste system. Sree Narayana Guru the Ascetic Who Changed the Lunatic Asylum into Gods Own Country is a biography written by Murkot Ramunny about a saint who lived in Kerala state in the Southern part of India. Narayana Guru was a philosopher as well as reformer who immensely contributed to the upliftment of lower castes in Kerala. He helped in bringing about freedom of prayer and education to millions of under privileged in Kerala. It is due to his selfless service to the society that Kerala has attained 100 percent literacy rate compared to other states in India. The author in his article informs us that, even the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi paid him a visit and took inspiration from Guru for the social Upliftment of the lower casts or Harijans (Untouchables). One caste one religion one god for man was his motto. It is years since I left caste and religion. Even then some people are working on presumption that I belong to their community. As a result, a wrong impression has been created in the minds of the people. I do not belong to any caste or religion. In order that only people who do not belong to any caste or religion should succeed me (Narayana Guru, 1091). This piece of literature has helped me in this dissertation to know more about the caste system prevalent in the state of Kerala. According to Harsh Mandir, in his article Burning Baskets of Shame (2010 August 9.pp3), he illustrates a real incident of manual scavenging which had happened in India couple of years back. The statistics shown by him in this article concerning the number of people doing manual scavenging was about 6.4 lacs according to the Planning Commission in 1995. He describes about a campaign named Safai Karmchari Andolan (SKA) which was started as a non-violent mass resistance to end this hideous practice of Manual Scavenging. This campaign was started by an individual who himself was born into a scavenging family who witnessed this abhorring practice from his childhood. As reported by Harsh Mandir in this article SKA is the first movement to end Untouchability in India. But it should be right to say that this was one of the many movements which had taken place in different part of India during different period. In the article The Indian Caste System by Madhudvisa Dasa (August 9, 2010) he tries to explain the caste system in relation to what has been written in the ancient scriptures. He quotes certain ideas from the Holy Book of Hindus, The Bhagavad Gita. The author sheds some light on theVedas, which says that the Varnas or castes are not differentiated on the basis of birth but my mere qualification (Guna) and work (karma). He assumes that the present caste system has degenerated to the extent that people consider men born in Brahmin families as a Brahmin even if he does not exhibit the qualities of a Brahmin. The author agrees to the fact that one takes rebirth according to his past deeds or karma but at the same time he says that in order to become a Brahmin adequate training is required and that it is not conferred automatically by birth as seen in the present generation. Indias hidden apartheid (UNESCO Courier, 2001.pp27-29); an article written by Gopal Guru and Shiraz Sidhva criticizes the abhorrent caste system in India. The article opens with a note which says Indias ancient caste system persists, subjecting millions to degrading poverty and human rights abuses. Attitudes die hard, despite government legislations to usher in change. They comment on the caste system as a means of deployment by the upper caste to suppress the lower caste and thus attain a monopoly over the wealth, knowledge, power and education. The extent of discrimination was immense that these so called untouchables were forced to use drums in order to announce their arrival so that the upper caste is not polluted even by their shadow falling on them. This article informs us that the term untouchables was abolished in 1950 under the constitution of India but there still exists a glimpse of discrimination against them. India has however tried to reduce the discrimination by reserv ing quotas and reservations for the lower castes in education and for government jobs. Caste in doubt: The Indian Census and Caste (2010.June 12, pp46), an article which had been recently published in The Economist has details about the reservations and quotas being introduced for the lower castes. This article also brings into notice the issue relating to the inclusion of caste system in the census which is to be declared in the ten yearly plan in 2011. However this had been faced with criticisms because since 1931 India has not counted caste in the census. Moreover it is impossible for it be included in the census because Indias caste system has not only the four Varnas but also various other sub-castes which may not be evidently recognised by the authorities. In spite of certain obstacles, the economic growth of the country has contributed to the lessening of discrimination on the basis of caste because a number of individuals have moved from the rigid social surroundings to the urban towns and cities in search of jobs where family background is irrelevant. Many Ind ians are becoming caste- blind and marrying across caste lines. Anidhrudda, a 20 year old software engineer in Calcutta, says his inter-caste marriage was no big deal. But even he concedes that there are limits. If he had married a dalit, he says, my family would not have been able to face the society' (The Economist, 2010.pp46). Leaders: Untouchables and Unthinkable; Indian Business (The Economist.2007.pp17) is an article which highlights the point that says that Indian business does not discriminate against the Untouchables or lower castes. Moreover, it condemns the practice of reservation in private sector because it would damage the whole business system. Responsibility for lower castes lack of advancement does not lie with the private sector. There is no evidence that companies discriminate against them. The real culprit is government and the rotten educational system it has created (The Economist.2007.pp17).It is not possible to have reservations in Business like they have it educational systems. This article says that as people get richer their concern about the caste fades. Nowadays middle class Indian families are to be seen marrying outside their caste than the rural poor and less likely to wrinkle their nose at a Dalit. Harold A. Gould in his work The Adaptive Functions of Caste in Contemporary India (1963.pg427) informs us that caste has not fully disappeared even with the advent of modern technology and other social structural changes. His research found out that in rural areas, the existence of caste in the form of ritual purity, occupation, and system of hierarchy still exists in its own way. In contemporary India, however caste system has not disappeared completely but has declined in the urban areas among the educated middle class families. From the above review of Literature and from various other reliable sources it can be understood that it is not possible to witness an India without a small aspect of Caste system. This is because it has been deeply rooted in the minds of Indians since ages and it still continues in certain spheres of their life. Caste system has been a topic of great interest to the Westerners as it fascinates them about the two ideologies- of caste system being important and not being important, existing within the same country and people. Recent articles from The Economist which are mentioned above, mainly talks about the reservations and quotas based on caste rather than discriminating against them on the basis of ritual purity and occupation. However it is not completely true to say that caste system has vanished from the Indian society. Educated Indians know that caste exists, but they are unclear and troubled about what it means for them as members of the society that is a part of the modern w orld. No one can say that it is easy to give a clear and consistent account of the meaning and significance of caste in India today (Fuller.C.J, 1996.Caste Today.pp153)

Properties of Hydrogen :: essays research papers

HYDROGEN Hydrogen is a gaseous element, symbol H, usually classed in group 1 (or Ia) of the periodic table Hydrogen melts at –259.2Â ° C (–434.56Â ° F) and boils at –252.77Â ° C (–422.986Â ° F). Hydrogen was confused with other gases until the British chemist Henry Cavendish demonstrated in 1766 that it was evolved by the action of sulfuric acid on metals and also showed at a later date that it was an independent substance that combined with oxygen to form water. The British chemist Joseph Priestley named the gas inflammable air in 1781, and the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier renamed it hydrogen Properties and Occurrence At ordinary temperatures hydrogen is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas, with a density of 0.089 g/liter at 0Â ° C (32Â ° F). It is highly flammable. Like most gaseous elements it is diatomic (its molecules contain two atoms), but it dissociates into free atoms at high temperatures. Hydrogen has a lower boiling point and melting point than any other substance except helium. Liquid hydrogen, first obtained by the British chemist Sir James Dewar in 1898, is colorless (but light blue in thick layers) with sp.gr. 0.070. when allowed to evaporate rapidly under reduced pressure it freezes into a colorless solid. Hydrogen is a mixture of two allotropic forms, orthohydrogen and parahydrogen, ordinary hydrogen containing about three-fourths of the ortho form and one-fourth of the para form. The melting point and boiling point of the two forms differ slightly from those of ordinary hydrogen. Practically pure parahydrogen is obtained by adsorbing ordinary hydrogen on charcoal at about –225Â ° C (about –373Â ° F). Hydrogen is known to exist in three isotopic forms. The nucleus of each atom of ordinary hydrogen is composed of one proton. Deuterium, present in ordinary hydrogen to the extent of 0.02 percent, contains one proton and one neutron in the nucleus of each atom and has an atomic mass of two. Tritium , an unstable, radioactive isotope, contains one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus of each atom, and has an atomic mass of three. Both deuterium and tritium are essential components of nuclear fusion weapons, or hydrogen bombs. Free hydrogen is found only in very small traces in the atmosphere, but solar and stellar spectra show that it is abundant in the sun and other stars, and is, in fact, the most common element in the universe. In combination with other elements it is widely distributed on the earth, where the most important and abundant compound of hydrogen is water, H2O.

What is Big Data?

It's a platform managed under the Apache Software Foundation, and it's an open source, and it's deal with big data and give the result in very short time . â€Å"It allows to work with structured and unstructured data arrays of dimension from 10 to 100 Gb and even more†[ (V.Burunova)] And its structer is a group of clusters or one , each of them contains groups of nodes too and each cluster has two type of node name node and data node name node is a unique node on cluster and it knows any data block location on cluster and Data node is the remining node in cluster . and that have done by using a set of servers which called a cluster. Hadoop has two layers cooperate together , first layer is MapReduce and it task is divided data processing across multiple servers and the second one is Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and its task is storing data on multiple clusters and these data are separated as a set of blocks. Hadoop make sure the work is correct on clusters and it can detect and retrieve any error or failure for one or more of connecting nodes and by this way Hadoop efforts increasing in core processing and storage size and high availability. â€Å"Hadoop is usually used in a large cluster or a public cloud service such as Yahoo!, Facebook, Twitter, and Amazon† [ (Hadeer Mahmoud, 2018)]. Hadoop's Features:Scalable:Hadoop able to work with huge applications and it can run ,analyze, store, process, distribute large amount of data across thousands of nodes and servers which handle thousands terabytes of data or more, also it can add additional nodes to clusters And these servers work parallel. Hadoop better than traditional relational database systems because (RDBMS) can't expand to deal with huge data..Single write Multiple read :The data on cluster can be read from multiple source at the same time .Data avalibility:when data is sent to a Data node, that Hadoop creates multiple copies of data on other nodes in the cluster, to keep data available if there a failure on one of nodes on cluster.

Effect of Social Media Addiction Essay

In recent years social media has become an important asset of student’s life. Teenagers satisfy themselves by using social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and many more. Their life now depends on social media to interact with each other. Therefore, it becomes a basic need for them. Social media typically involve interactions of people through social networks and blogs. Social media is defined as a platform that helps a user to connect with other users through simple internet access. Consequently, social media have been upgrading day by day. As a result, more teenagers get indulge on social media for their intercourse. Some people argue that advancement of social media threatens the life of teenagers because they are addicted towards social media. However, others believe that it enhances the scope of teenagers towards education and culture. The new generation is the electronically addicted generation. Due to this addiction teenagers face many effects in their lives. This report aims at the different effects caused by social media on teenagers. Moreover to what extend social networking sites effects teenagers on their school success, relationship status, social life. This report also focuses on solutions of the given effects. Social media is a complex network in which people design their own profile and become users. After that, enlist other users in the profile and then interact socially in a virtual world of social media and exchange information in a close network. Advancement in the technology alters the learning technique of teenagers. They reside in a world of technology as a result, get technological capability prematurely. Moreover, this capability is very significant in their academic results (Prensky, 2001). It is carried out that teenagers operate these social sites for doing pleasure activities rather than for academic success (Luckin et al, 2009, p. 87-104). Specific investigator bring into light that high school student operates these media only to strong their social dominance over the other users (Ellison et al. 2007, p. 1143-1168). Teenager’s are easily amused by social media due to its advancement. Nowadays, facebook is the most popular social site among teenagers. Hindustan times (2012) reveal that â€Å"India crossed the 100 million internet user’s† (p. 7). Moreover HT surveys exposed that 24% of respondent used social media on a daily basis and 52% say they have more than two profiles on different social media. It is estimated that 73% of teenagers prefer to interact on facebook, 48% rely on Myspace and Linkedin have a usage of 14% (Lehhart et al. ,2010 , p.25). There is a steep rise in the usage of social networking sites by youngsters. However, a survey was conducted named as â€Å"parent and teen† survey and 935 individuals participated in it in America it depicts that in 2006, 55% of the teenagers were the daily users of social media (The Nielsen Company, 2009). Furthermore, usage of social media incremented by 30% from year 2006 to 2007 (The Nielsen Company, 2010). Observati ons conclude that the main purpose to use these social media were to remain in contact and to make an influence on the social network frequently visiting it. Social media is very conductive to spread information about the calamities situation around the world. As a result, teenagers get aware of the world around them. In contrast, of having positive effects some researchers also revealed the negative and addictive influence of social media on teenagers wellness. In addition, they start living in the virtual world of social media. Moreover, their physical contact with other people decreases to a great extend. However, some teenagers are so addicted to social media that they start describing their daily activities on social sites. If they don’t check their profiles at regular intervals,they get a sensation of despondent, aggressiveness and separation. Moreover, when addiction hinders the academic path of teenagers, then social networking sites become important instead of education, family, peer attraction and recreational activities. When tension builds to perform well in the exams, the earlier thing that is affected by the social me dia network is educational approach. Many users prefer to interact over facebook only to avoid real societies and  problems. Further investigation brought into light that whether addiction to social media like facebook is a threat to higher education. Kandell (1998) stated that college students are at a verge of developing social addiction towards facebook. In additional survey by Sharifal et al (2011) on 380 female Malaysian university students state that these participants are influenced by facebook and considered to be addicts. Social networking sites have the ability to use productively in educational purposes by students (Greenhow, 2009, p. 42-47). Particularly, it depends on the teenagers to what extend they will use social media as their advantage. Sugar (2013) concludes that initially there were two networking sites set up for social media purposes, these were â€Å"sixdegree.com† in 1997 and â€Å"classmate.com†. However, it gives Different identity to different users. Through social media users feel like connected they can share and evaluate thing with one and another. At the most basic level social networking sites build up the strength to make friendship. Moreover, the teenager may feel good in different environments like in college, school. Also, they feel like responsible. It also reveals that using media enhances the efficiency of students towards academic studies. The main focus is how a user uses social media to his advantage. Furthermore, teenagers can remain in contact with the family members. Despite of these advantages only achieved by taking conception that many teenagers use social media in a good way. Social media have many advantages in this contemporary world of teenagers. They learn how to take initiatives in making friends.. The scope of their knowledge increases drastically. However, Interacting socially open the gaze of the many valuable things like knowledge about learning, culture views. Social media networking sites are not just the mere source of entertainment. Teenager’s must use it as a source of information to accelerate their knowledge. After that, pursue good grades in academic studies. Teenager’s elevate their personalities using social networking media. Social media have many negative impacts on user’s. However, teenager’s must take social media as an open test in which they can multiply their social skills. It acts as a medium for communication between peers, relatives. User’s gain experience. Moreover teenager can attain technology excellence in their early while  operating these media. As a result, they will mold themselves according to the change in the technology. Moreover, they will get knowledge of the information and technology. Universities, colleges and even some public organisation use social sites to interact with the people. However a positive approach must be set towards social media. User’s try to express themselves truly sometimes on social networking sites. As a result, they learn how to take initiatives in order to make friends. Learn to know about different societies and culture. Teenager’s must adopt the positive aspect of social media. So that they can have a personal advantage in the nearby future. It has many aspects according to the users view. Teenagers must use the social media in a timely manner not in a excessive. They should start preparing their daily schedules on social networking usage. The decision to get addicted or to get promoted by social media depends on the user. So users must use social networking sites for benefits rather than for their destructiveness. Teenagers must use it in a timely manner. Should check performance of their academic session regularly as it is affected by social media or not. They must give to every physical activity. This report aims at the positive and negative effects of social media. Addiction to social media is very harmful. In collaboration, this report shows the usage of social networking among university students in America, India and Malaysia. Moreover, it describes the social media usage pattern among teenagers. For further instant different effects have been listed due to social media and networking addiction. However, with negative, positive effects have also impacted the life of teenagers. Social media are very beneficial and dangerous for teenagers. These media is not just to spend time or get addicted to it. The main theme of social media is to get connected to the world. When addiction starts then the productivity of teenagers decrease to a minimum extend. One more result also come out it is not practically prove that social media addiction affects the life of teenagers. Effects of social media hinder the path of success for teenagers. University students are likely to be get addic ted by social use because of their influencing atmosphere. References see more:does social media cause isolation Salgur, S. A. (2013). THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING ON TEENAGERS’ SCHOOL SUCCESS. Euromentor Journal, 4(3), 35-46. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1462851084?accountid=10344 Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Samah, B. A., Omar, S. Z., Bolong, J., & Kamarudin, N. A. (2014). Addictive facebook use among university students. Asian Social Science, 10(6), 107-116. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1512349385?accountid=10344 Brown, J. D., & Bobkowski, P. S. (2011). Older and Newer Media: Patterns of Use and Effects on Adolescents’ Health and Well-Being. Journal Of Research On Adolescence (Wiley-Blackwell), 21(1), 95-113. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00717.x Park, N., Hwang, Y., & Huh, E. (2010). Exploring Problematic Mobile Phone Use: Relationships Between Adolescents’ Characteristics and Mobile Phone Addiction. Conference Papers — International Communication Association, 1 Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2008). Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Internet Material and Sexual Preoccupancy: A Three-Wave Panel Study. Media Psychology, 11(2), 207-234. doi:10.1080/15213260801994238 Fioravanti, G., Dà ¨ttore, D., & Casale, S. ( 2012). Adolescent Internet Addiction: Testing the Association Between Self-Esteem, the Perception of Internet Attributes, and Preference for Online Social Interactions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking,15(6), 318-323. doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0358 Sharma, V., Aymen, Dona, Nahida, Sabeeha, Yonten, & Rabia. (2013). A study to assess the pattern of use and the effect of online social networking on student nurses in a selected college of nursing in Delhi. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing,2(2), 63-67. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1503129451?accountid=10344 Leung, L., & Lee, P. N. (2012). The influences of information literacy, internet addiction and parenting styles on internet risks. New Media & Society, 14(1), 117-136. doi:10.1177/1461444811410406 SOFIAH SZ, ,SHARIFAH, ZOBIDAH OMAR, ,SITI, BOLONG, J., & NIZAM OSMAN, ,MOHD. (2011). FACEBOOK ADDICTION AMONG FEMALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. Revista De Administratie Publica Si Politici Sociale, III(7), 95-n/a. 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Beckets Honor essays

Becket's Honor essays Thomas a Becket was a truly noble martyr who lived with and died for honor. Thomas Beckets stubbornness and rigorous demand for honor sealed his death. Throughout the book Becket is forced to compromise or hold tight to his beliefs and values. As a friend to King Henry II Becket felt that there was a gap in him where honor should be. Becket felt that as long as he was among the conquerors he would have to improvise his honor. There is foreshadowing in the end of act one, that if Becket meets his honor face to face, he will be forced to go against King Henry. The Saxons, of which Becket descended, had been conquered by the people he is friends with. He felt for that he could have no honor. Thomas Becket, as Chancellor of England, feels that he is incapable of love and honor. Becket finds the barons idea of honor to be ridiculous. Becket believed, then, that honor was not in how you fought but only if you won. Honor came solely in victory. There was no honor in following the rules of battle only to be slain. Becket believed that being successful was honorable in its self. The barons were filled with jealousy for Becket. They saw him as less than a man, a Saxon. They were idiotic hypocrites who believed there was no honor in killing a fallen knight, but there was in slaughtering the lot of innocent villagers. Beside Becket, their hypocritical traits were magnified and one could clearly see how ridiculous there views were. Becket did not wish to become the Primate of England. He pleaded with King Henry not to appoint him Archbishop. Once he became Archbishop he changed to a very calm and gentle person. He began to pursue honor with an unshakeable conviction. Thomas Becket first thinks it may be possible to serve both God and England, but soon realizes that Gods honor is unyielding. Becket says that he must ...

Free Essays on Critical Essay Of Literature

Critical Essay Of Literature Windsong is a book of poetry written by Carl Sandburg. In this book, Sandburg refers to some of life's experiences. Sandburg writes about the little complications in life that nobody seems to be able to put a finger on. Symbolism, and personification appear to be Sandburgs forte in his use of literary devices. In his free verse style of writing, he expresses his ideas in poems from some of the smallest wonders of nature to some of the largest creations of nature. In many poems Mr. Sandburg wrote, he used some form of personification. From the first phrase in the poem, Timber Moon, the moon has a sense of sight. "There is a way the moon looks into the timber at night", the sense of sight sets up more human like traits, later in the poem, by adding how the moon reflects and shines on different objects in the timber(87,1,1). Sandburg also uses objects in nature, and everyday commodities to symbolize humans, or possibly even God. In this same poem, he uses symbolism along with personification. This same line could possibly symbolize an adult watching a child, or God looking down on the earth, because the bigger one, or One, above is always looking down on the smaller one below. Another trait the moon acquires is the trait of understanding what an animal is saying in his language, "There is a way the moon understands the hoot owl"(87,1,5). This line could symbolize a mother knowing what her baby wants. Another poem Sandburg wrote, gives human qualities to trees and dirt. In the first two sentences, the trees and dirt have the traits of learning and being shaped by their surroundings. "See the trees lean to the wind's way of learning.", and "See the dirt of the hill shape to the water's way of learning." both describe the personalities of scenery in the poem Landscape(102,1,2 & 3). This can also symbolize a person bending out of his own way to change for somebody ... Free Essays on Critical Essay Of Literature Free Essays on Critical Essay Of Literature Critical Essay Of Literature Windsong is a book of poetry written by Carl Sandburg. In this book, Sandburg refers to some of life's experiences. Sandburg writes about the little complications in life that nobody seems to be able to put a finger on. Symbolism, and personification appear to be Sandburgs forte in his use of literary devices. In his free verse style of writing, he expresses his ideas in poems from some of the smallest wonders of nature to some of the largest creations of nature. In many poems Mr. Sandburg wrote, he used some form of personification. From the first phrase in the poem, Timber Moon, the moon has a sense of sight. "There is a way the moon looks into the timber at night", the sense of sight sets up more human like traits, later in the poem, by adding how the moon reflects and shines on different objects in the timber(87,1,1). Sandburg also uses objects in nature, and everyday commodities to symbolize humans, or possibly even God. In this same poem, he uses symbolism along with personification. This same line could possibly symbolize an adult watching a child, or God looking down on the earth, because the bigger one, or One, above is always looking down on the smaller one below. Another trait the moon acquires is the trait of understanding what an animal is saying in his language, "There is a way the moon understands the hoot owl"(87,1,5). This line could symbolize a mother knowing what her baby wants. Another poem Sandburg wrote, gives human qualities to trees and dirt. In the first two sentences, the trees and dirt have the traits of learning and being shaped by their surroundings. "See the trees lean to the wind's way of learning.", and "See the dirt of the hill shape to the water's way of learning." both describe the personalities of scenery in the poem Landscape(102,1,2 & 3). This can also symbolize a person bending out of his own way to change for somebody ...

An Electromagnetic Analysis of Noise-Based Intrinsically Secure Communication in Wireless Systems

An Electromagnetic Analysis of Noise-Based Intrinsically Secure Communication in Wireless Systems The research on noise-based secure communication systems is mainly carried out from an information theoretical point of view, and is focused on evaluation in different communication conditions of the secrecy capacity, which is defined as the maximum achievable perfect secrecy rate, where the perfect secret rate is the amount of information that can be sent not only reliably but also confidentially. He noted that the channel capacity of the authorized channel is higher than the channel capacity of the eavesdropper, and one coding strategy is able to transmit information to the authorized receiver with a vanishing block-code error probability in a completely secure way, at a rate limited by the difference between the authorized and eavesdropper channel capacity. This causes a decrease in the channel capacity of the unauthorized receiver compared to the authorized receiver, which can transmit information buried in the additional noise affecting the eavesdropper. In this paper, it will be shown that, in the noise-based unconditionally secure communication systems, the degrees of freedom of the electromagnetic field are used in a third way. Paralleling the analysis undertaken in, it takes advantage of the concept of the number of degrees of freedom (NDF) of the electromagnetic field, defined as the minimum number of functions required to represent the field on an observation manifold within a given representation error, fixed by the noise corrupting the observed field. Successively, in a seminal paper, Wyner suggested that the presence of additional noise when information is tapped from a line makes the unauthorized channel noisier than the authorized channel. Broadly speaking, any antenna uses the available degrees of freedom of the electromagnetic field mainly following two possible goals: to concentrate (and possibly maximize) energy on the receiving antenna or to maximize the amount of information available on the receiving antenna. In this framework, an approach to obtain unconditionally secure communication based on the use of the degrees of freedom of the electromagnetic field is discussed. Signal and noise are transmitted at the same time using a strategy that avoids any increase in noise at the authorized receiver taking advantage of the degrees of freedom that are not used to transmit information. The physical mechanism at the basis of the secret communication is explained by means of the degrees of freedom of the field, which are able to convey information and noise in spatially orthogonal channels. As a final observation, in order to make the channel secure, a non-negligible percentage of the available power is radiated as artificial noise. According to some fundamental results of information theory, it is possible to hide information in the additional noise affecting the eavesdropper. Loosely speaking, the allocation of power to noise causes a decrease in the channel capacity of the system that follows logarithmic law.

Comparison of two articles about bias in the News Media Essay

Comparison of two articles about bias in the News Media - Essay Example The profession of a journalist, albeit regulated by its own set of regulations and ethical guidelines, is not an exception. Journalists, just like everyone else, carry intrinsic biases which are structurally transmitted to their work environment. The author of the â€Å"Bias in the News Media† article coins the name frames to refer to this structural formations. The frames reference suffices because it is through such structures that journalists literally frame the messages that are carried in new media outlets such as television. It is the presence of these biases that always influences how the message is packaged. The author of â€Å"Bias in the News Media† then proceeds to list the various types of biases that influence how news is packaged by broadcast journalists and the possible causes for these biases. Notably, biases are popular in broadcast journalism because of the commercial nature of the media business. Capitalism dictates that only those messages, services or products which are likely to be popular among the majority of the customers should be given a priority. This is undertaken for purposes of profit maximization. The author employs logical rhetoric to further implore the readers that news outlets in their variant forms do introduce biases due to the internal supporting structures which are normally established with the profit maximization motive. According to the essay, the presence of these biases makes it impossible to have media outlets that can be deemed to be objective in news dispensation.

Business Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Case Study - Essay Example The paper discusses the history of the Airline, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT), discusses an appropriate strategy that can be adopted by the airline to achieve growth. Southwest (2009) Southwest airline was formed in 1971 by Herb Kelleher and Rollin King, their main aim was to offer freights to customers at the lowest price possible and also make sure consumers arrived at their destinations on time. The company has expanded over the years and today the airline offers services to over seventy million consumers in a year. (Southwest (2009)) In 1979 the company introduced a self service ticket booking machine, this increased convenience to consumers. However in this year the airline could only offer services to 3 states, in 1983 the airline expanded and increased its destinations to over 34 cities. After the September 11 attack the airline still recorded a profit but its revenue declined by60%, in the following year the number of destinations increased to 58 cities. In 2004 the company was ranked as the fourth largest carrier given that the number of consumers per years had increased and the company had made profits for over 30 year in a row. (Southwest (2009)) Today the airline is still one of the best performing countries and its strategy has helped the company to achieve high growth and make profits over the years, the number of destinations have increased and due ... However a major problem is that other airlines have adopted the company's strategies and this has reduced its competitive position in the airline industry. (Southwest (2009)) B. SWOT analysis: This section discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Southwest airlines: Strengths: There are a number of internal strengths of the company, these strengths include: 1. Low fare prices: The company offers low fare prices, the low fare prices results into increased ticket demand; increased usage helps the company to realize economies of scale and therefore achieves high profits. 2. Online booking: The company has an advantage in that over 50% of booking are made online, it online booking services helps promote convenience to the customers. 3. unionized workers and flexible working hours: One in four employees of the company is a union member. However the company is still able to negotiate flexible working hours despite many employees being members of a union. (Robinson (2002)) Weaknesses: The company has a number of weaknesses and they include: 1. International freights: The company only offers services to a limited number of destinations, the company offers services to58 destinations only, it offers short distance freights and does not offer international freights that would help the company increase number of freights and revenue. (Robinson (2002)) 2. Boeing 737: The company only uses one product which is Boeing 7373 and this may be considered a major drawback to the company given that its reputation could be highly affected if the safety of such aircrafts is compromised. 3. Unionized workers: A large number of the company's employees are unionized, this affects the company given that negotiation regarding wages and working hours are done by a

Issues in employee preformance essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues in employee preformance - Essay Example In a production oriented organization or manufacturing organization, the employees function like a chain. If any one link (employee) goes out of order or damaged in a chain (Organization), the strength and cohesion of the chain (Organization) will be lost. For example in a tire manufacturing unit, it is important that all the three divisions (mixing, building and curing) function properly in order to ensure 100% productivity. If the mixing people fail to deliver the processed rubber compound in time, green tire building will be affected whereas if the building people fail to complete their duties in time curing will be affected. Thus all the employees in a manufacturing unit complement each other in order to attain maximum productivity. Management of employees in a manufacturing unit is not an easy task. In fact the job of a production supervisor is a complex one since he should act as the link between the employees and the management. The interests of employees and the management may often contradict each other and the production supervisor is the person who needs to satisfy both the management and the employees. This paper briefly analyses the management of employee performances in a manufacturing unit by a production line supervisor. In most of the manufacturing units, the production supervisor has the responsibility of finishing the production in time. He should follow the schedules he received from his superiors or planning department in order to ensure maximum production in his shift. At the same time, unforeseen problems may occur at the time of production. For example, some of the employees might be absent, some of the machineries faced breakdowns or some of the other departments linked with the production have not performed well. In all such circumstances, the employees will contact the production supervisor for the advice and instructions. For example, if some of the employees absent in a particular shift, it is difficult for

Airline operations management (MRO case study) Assignment

Airline operations management (MRO case study) - Assignment Example He is a true mentor and a persistent oasis of ideas and concepts that motivated my progress as a student and professional. I am undoubtedly obligated to him. It is my pleasure to express my gratitude to all the staff and faculty members of Department of ABC for their valuable supportive remarks and observations. I would also appreciate the dedicated help of all my class fellows whose constructive comments and notes played vital role in presenting detailed explanations of the project. I would also appreciate my online friend, ABC, who uninterruptedly helped in identifying and gaining access to relevant contents that proved significant to my research. We engaged in fruitful discussion on online forums that contributed in extraordinary way to accomplish this assignment with best possible result. I would like to thank the staff in university library for their smiling attitude. I would also mention National Library which provided me access to great texts of academic literature. Recent technological advancements in software development and increasing trend in implementing such IT based solutions in Aviation MROs is a major step forward in providing, controlling and tracking maintenance information. Vendors developing such specialist software are continually endeavoring to improve their products over past many years. In the same context, vendors are heavily investing in making their ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) solutions more specific to particular industry. The purpose of this research project is to develop in-depth understanding of how airline operations are managed. Further, the study aims to investigate and evaluate commercially available various options for software implementation in an airline, which currently consists of Jetstream 31 aircraft is planning future expansions with commission of new BAe aircraft. This study also focuses on identifying regulatory requirements enforced by EASA for aviation industry operators and

Effects of tourism on economic growth in China Research Paper

Effects of tourism on economic growth in China - Research Paper Example A huge increase in the amount of expenditure from foreign tourists with an average of average of 19.7% in each year was recorded between 1978 and 2001. For this reason, the World Tourism Organization had expected that China would have been the primary tourist destination in the world by 2010 (Yan & Wall 260). Currently, it is speculated that, by the year 2015, China will become the second largest travel and tourism economy in the world after the United States. The main factors influencing the tremendous growth in China’s economy include its flourishing and widely considered growth in the tourism industry. This is also because of the open policy established by the Chinese, and an increased number of flights between China and other countries in the world. Moreover, various great improvements such as the transport infrastructure in China, accommodation in hotels and the increased tourist attractions have significantly contributed to this growth. One of the major theories in macro economics is the economic growth theory. Through the use of quantitative analysis, it has been shown that the effect of tourism on the developing economy of China bearing in mind the undeveloped levels of their tourism industry, tourism plays a significant role in the development of the country’s economy. In the conclusion of their 1992 study, Yan and Wall (270) noted that both domestic and international tourism only had a slight impact on the national level. This is with regards to the diversity and size of the economy in China. Using the traditional Type I Input-output model, they did not include the impacts of domestic tourism. Contrary to the use of outdated data in this case, the World Travel and Tourism council has recently projected the indirect and direct effects of domestic and...In this paper, the effect of tourism on the economic growth in China will be thoroughly evaluated, as the impact of tourism in China has not been sufficiently analyzed, prior to the time of the conducted analysis. The size of tourism in China has significantly increased. A significant and sustainable growth has been experienced in China consequent to both domestic and international tourism for the past 20 years. With this, the ratio of tourism to the GDP in the country has been shown to increase every year. Through the creation of the social accounting matrix, the type II input-output model was developed. This model contends that high percentage of total household income, GDP, and total Chinese employment depends on the expenditures of international tourism. The variation displayed by the percentages is clearly explained by the sectoral make up of tourist expenditures, as well as the sectoral variations in ratios between capital and labor, backward linkages and labor productivity. The designation of an account as either endogenous or exogenous is the most fundamental step towards movement from SAM to a model structure. According to Bulmer-Thomas, the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) plays an essential role in making accounting records for different economies An investigation was performed on the dependence of Chinese economy on the expenditure by tourists. It was necessary to integrate the IO impact Model with the demand for endogenous consumption that is based on the SAM model. These instruments were used to estimate the â€Å"direct, indirect and induced dependence† that the Chinese economy has on the international tourism. The impact of international tourism in China displays a lot of prospects for Chinese economy

Poverty in politics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Poverty in politics - Research Paper Example Empirical research evidence indicates that the united state political system had played a significant role of escalating cases of poverty and hunger across the entire economy. Whereby, instead of establishing measures that can help to address the issue of hunger and poverty. The United States political system tends too busy in executing policies that are jeopardizing the standards of living. For example, the government spends substantial amount of financial resources in Military rather than using this funds to execute programs that can improve both social and economic welfare of its citizens (World Hunger Information Service, paras1-2). Some of the methods used in carrying out this research include the application of case study research design whereby, the united state was selected out of 10 most economically powerful states, like China, Japan, Japan, Spain, Canada, Germany, Italy, United States, France and Russia. The united state was selected out of the above mention states using S imple random sampling techniques. Simple random sampling was utilized because it gives each element equal chances of inclusion into the study. Secondary research was, utilized in carrying out research on how poor politics in the United States led to escalating levels of poverty. ... d quantitatively (Sreenivasan and Jyotsna,pp.76-89) Therefore, the study of this topic is important because it helps to gain an insight on the aspects of poverty in the United States as well as measures that can be put in place to address this problem. Additionally, the study of this topic is important because it indicates ways in which government officials, agencies, and policies affect poverty /have led to an increase in poverty levels. The topic had had further explained the impact of poverty in the United Stated as well as measures that can be put in place to address poverty problems. In addition, the study of this is important because it provides fundamental basis for further research. Literature Review Aspect of the politics of poverty in the United States Poor political and economic policies have been highly attributed to be the main cause of an increase in the levels of poverty among the United States citizens. Some of the main aspects of politics of poverty include: The unit ed state has loosely organized political system that fails to address social and economic problems facing the U.S citizens. For example, the united state has only two political parties that are not well structure. This means that there are no enough watchdogs to scrutinize how the government is spending public resources and hence, the federal government tends to spend public financial resources in activities that bring fewer benefits to its citizens. In above connection, the united state political system had failed to address the issues facing its people but instead the federal government has been reported to make the situation even worse (Rector and Rachel,P.1-3) Empirical research evidence indicates that half of the United States budget tends to be allotted to ministry of security and

Effects of tourism on economic growth in China Research Paper

Effects of tourism on economic growth in China - Research Paper Example A huge increase in the amount of expenditure from foreign tourists with an average of average of 19.7% in each year was recorded between 1978 and 2001. For this reason, the World Tourism Organization had expected that China would have been the primary tourist destination in the world by 2010 (Yan & Wall 260). Currently, it is speculated that, by the year 2015, China will become the second largest travel and tourism economy in the world after the United States. The main factors influencing the tremendous growth in China’s economy include its flourishing and widely considered growth in the tourism industry. This is also because of the open policy established by the Chinese, and an increased number of flights between China and other countries in the world. Moreover, various great improvements such as the transport infrastructure in China, accommodation in hotels and the increased tourist attractions have significantly contributed to this growth. One of the major theories in macro economics is the economic growth theory. Through the use of quantitative analysis, it has been shown that the effect of tourism on the developing economy of China bearing in mind the undeveloped levels of their tourism industry, tourism plays a significant role in the development of the country’s economy. In the conclusion of their 1992 study, Yan and Wall (270) noted that both domestic and international tourism only had a slight impact on the national level. This is with regards to the diversity and size of the economy in China. Using the traditional Type I Input-output model, they did not include the impacts of domestic tourism. Contrary to the use of outdated data in this case, the World Travel and Tourism council has recently projected the indirect and direct effects of domestic and...In this paper, the effect of tourism on the economic growth in China will be thoroughly evaluated, as the impact of tourism in China has not been sufficiently analyzed, prior to the time of the conducted analysis. The size of tourism in China has significantly increased. A significant and sustainable growth has been experienced in China consequent to both domestic and international tourism for the past 20 years. With this, the ratio of tourism to the GDP in the country has been shown to increase every year. Through the creation of the social accounting matrix, the type II input-output model was developed. This model contends that high percentage of total household income, GDP, and total Chinese employment depends on the expenditures of international tourism. The variation displayed by the percentages is clearly explained by the sectoral make up of tourist expenditures, as well as the sectoral variations in ratios between capital and labor, backward linkages and labor productivity. The designation of an account as either endogenous or exogenous is the most fundamental step towards movement from SAM to a model structure. According to Bulmer-Thomas, the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) plays an essential role in making accounting records for different economies An investigation was performed on the dependence of Chinese economy on the expenditure by tourists. It was necessary to integrate the IO impact Model with the demand for endogenous consumption that is based on the SAM model. These instruments were used to estimate the â€Å"direct, indirect and induced dependence† that the Chinese economy has on the international tourism. The impact of international tourism in China displays a lot of prospects for Chinese economy

Domestic violence Essay Example for Free

Domestic violence Essay Domestic violence is a term that can be easily defined as violence within the house between the partners. To have a domestic violence case, it does not need to be physical it can be emotional. According to the domestic violence organization (2009), domestic violence is defined as â€Å"Domestic violence and emotional abuse are behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other. Partners may be married or not married; heterosexual, gay, or lesbian; living together, separated or dating. † Which mean domestic violence can take place in any household it is not just a particular people that it happens to? It also does not matter the race or ethnic background. Domestic violence is not only words or something that one says to one another or physical contact, according to Mass organization (2013) domestic violence is â€Å"Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviors and tactics used by one person over another to gain power and control. This may include verbal abuse, financial abuse, emotional, sexual, and physical abuse. Domestic violence occurs in heterosexual, as well as same-sex partnerships, and crosses all ethnic, racial and socio-economic lines. † Although the studies of domestic violence are somewhat different, they give the same examples as to what is considered violence between domestic partners. For example; name-calling or putdowns, keeping a partner from contacting their family or friends, withholding money, stopping a partner from getting or keeping a job, actual or threatened physical harm, sexual assault, stalking, intimidation. Furthermore one may not even notice that there was violence until there is a threat or physical harm due to the fact that so many individuals are not educated about what abuse truly is and the proper steps to take in order to prevent abuse or prevent themselves from getting abuse. Many individuals attempts to fix their relationship by going to a counselor, which is a good step however it maybe something that they witness growing up therefore a counselor can only do so much for them. There are many different effects that could happen in the life of a child who is raised in an abusive home. For example, if the child being raised in the abusive home is a male, he is more likely to become an abuser for he may believe that it is okay to speak to anyone that way precisely women, on the other hand he maybe the type to defend his mother because he may have a different mindset and believes that his mother shouldn’t be treated that way and become really sensitive to other women because of the way his mother was treated. The other ways that this could impact the child is if that child is a woman, she may become paranoid of the opposite sex for she may believe that, the way her father as talking to her mother is the way that every man will be talking to her. On the other hand, she may become submissive if her mother was always submissive to her father through the abuse that she was receiving. Nevertheless she may also develop a low self-esteem believing that she was is worth much less than she does. According to the crisis center, some of the symptom that one may notice or hear from a child who is raised in an abusive home is: they may feel a complete self-powerlessness because they are unable to do anything to the frightening noises, threats that they see or hear. They may also experience a terrifying â€Å"storm of angry energy† around them during abuse. They may experience emotional abandonment, develop low self-esteem as mentioned before, behavioral problems, problems with anger, feels isolated, take on adult roles prematurely, experience depression and flashbacks. When all of these issues combine, we have a child who is not fully sociable and has many different issues that may prevent him from having a relationship or conversation to anyone whether it is a friend or a family member because they may believe that the person whom they are talking with may also abuse them. Often times they would be sensitive to certain impact. For example, if a person starts a conversation and it starts to get loud it may escalate to something much bigger than what it could be. In the United States, one may believe that abuse occurs more than other countries because in certain countries, abuse is not legal or some women will certainly not put with the issues. Often time it may result in fights or serious issues where one of the individuals has to live the house where they used to live. The different types of abuse that takes place affect a child differently. A great example that shows how a child might be affected badly by domestic violence is one of my close friends Ashley, while growing up Ashley would see both parents fighting and the fighting would be so bad to the point where her mom would not be able to sleep in the house after the situation occurred because the dad would threating her mom that if she sleep in the house he would kill her. Because of seeing this so often Ashley developed anger towards her father and the love that she once had for her father was long gone. Now Ashley is much older and she would tell he how the relationship that she is currently in would be affected because of the way she grow up seeing her parents fighting. In her current relationship, if her boyfriend would talk to her the wrong way or if he would treat her in a way that she did not like she would develop anger that she would hit him and then they would start fighting. Even though she knew that this was not right she did not feel any remorse because to her that was the only way to release her anger and also she had become accustom to seeing her father do that to her mom so to her it is not all that bad. This example shows how a child that is around domestic violence may display violence against their partner when they are of age. Each culture has its own view on the correct way to raise a child. Some culture believes that a child should not be able to work or have any responsibility, while there are other culture that believe that a child should have responsibility because that will be the best way for the child to grow up and not be dependable on no one and would be able to care for themselves when they become of age. No matter what culture, ethnicity or race one might be everyone is able to be a victim of domestic violence. In some culture for example Jamaica domestic violence is not accepted but it is not looked upon as a very bad thing where as the United States perception on domestic violence as a horrendous topic. While growing up in Jamaica I saw a lot of couple fighting, but often times the male partner is the abuser. While this is going on there are people in that area trying to stop him but was unsuccessful in doing so. Even though domestic violence is not looked upon as ok, it is not a crime that is so horrendous that the police will be involved. The only way the police would intervene is if a death occurred and then an arrest would be made. While in the United States if a domestic violence is taking place then the police would be notified. Depending on the severe ness of the case an arrest would be made. If the couple is only arguing or they became physical but no physical injury is noticed the police would ask one of the individual to leave the premises and cool off. This period is known as the cooling off period and often times does not always work and if the violence happens again then one of the individual involved or even both will be arrested. This is just two of many cultures that have different views on domestic violence. The United States is a diverse country, and even here most people based the life on their culture. In some culture a man is allowed to have more than one wife and the amount of money he has would determine the amount of wife he was allowed to have. In this culture the male is also looked on as the dominant one in the household and because of this he is able to do as he please with any of his wife without getting into any trouble. No matter what culture you are domestic violence is something that should not be tolerated no matter how much money one has or even their statue in life. Due to the fact that a lot of people are not aware of domestic violence and the signs to look out for when abuse is about to take place they don’t protect themselves and allow the abuse to take place. No matter what culture you are the main reason for domestic violence is power and control. According to life wire, different types of control in an abusive relationship are: Threatening to report their partner or threatening to withdraw a petition to legalize their partners immigration status or threatening to seek sole custody of any children if their partner reports the abuse or attempts to leave. In many cases children of different cultures that were victim of domestic violence grow up and abuse drugs and alcohol. To them they feel that all they saw growing up were their parents fighting or their dad abusing their mom or even the other way around, so why try and make something of them in the future if they will only become just like their parents. Children like this need close supervision and also need to be shown love on a daily basis so they won’t think about suicide or committing crime in the future. Some sociological consequences are, â€Å"the immediate emotional effects of abuse and neglect, isolation, fear, and an inability to trust can translate into lifelong consequences, including low self-esteem, depression, and relationship difficulties. † There are other children that see their family member fight often and tell themselves that they will not be the same as their parents or family member. Children like these often are very dedicated to anything that they set their mind to and often accomplished their goal and become every successful in the future. They are also likely to treat their children with the utmost respect and show a lot of love for them because they do not want them to go through the same thing they went through. In concluding children are affected by domestic violence just as badly as the parents and often times even worse than their parents. Child abuse main role is power and control; because they are children they are looked upon as helpless and defenseless and are more prone to become a victim of child abuse. No matter what culture you are domestic violence is still considered as wrong and should not be tolerated. Knowing the signs of domestic violence will help prevent it from happening and also will help you protect yourself if it occurring and also make u aware of the steps that you can take to get justice for yourself. Nevertheless, one must always take into consideration that some child turns out to be sensitive towards others after witnessing abuse in the family and other turns out to be abusers. In addition male children are affected differently than female children.

What Is Syariah Law By Meaning Philosophy Essay

What Is Syariah Law By Meaning Philosophy Essay The term Sharia itself derives from the verb sharaa, which according to Abdul Mannan Omars Dictionary of the Holy Quran connects to the idea of spiritual law and system ofdivine law; way of belief and practice (45:18) in the Quran. Definition of Sharia law. Sharia (Arabic: Ø ©ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ ; also SharÄ «ah, Sharia, Shariahor Syariah) is the Arabic word for Islamic law, also known as the Law of Allah. The word sharia mean the right path, refers to traditional Islamic law. The Sharia comes from the Koran, the sacred book of Islam, which Muslims consider  the actual word of God.  The Sharia also stems from the Prophet Muhammads teachings and interpretations of those teachings by certain Muslim legal scholars. Muslims believe that Allah (God) revealed his true will to Muhammad, who then passed on Allahs commands to humans in the Koran. Islam classically draws no distinction between religious, and secular life. Hence Sharia covers not only religious rituals, but many aspects ofday-to-day life, politics, economics, banking, business or contract law, social issues and legal rules, is more than legal system, strictly speaking. Islam is al-deen which is the way of life. Sources of sharia law. Basically the primary sources of sharia law are the Quran, Hadiths or Sunnah which is the sayings, practices, and teachings of the Prophet Mohammed. The secondary sources are ijma, qiyas, ijtihad and istihsan. School of Sharia law No. Schools of sharia law Explanation 1. Hanbali Most conservative school of Shari`a. Used in Saudia Arabia . 2. Maliki Based on the practices of the people of Medina during Muhammads lifetime. 3. Shafii Emphasizes on opinions, companions of the Prophet Muhammad 4. Hanifi Most liberal school, relatively open to some limited modern ideas. WHAT IS HUDUD LAW BY MEANING? Etymology. It means limits, or forbidden and also as  definition. The root word is derived from the Arabic hadd. Literally hudud  (Arabic, also transliterated  hadud,  hudood; singular  hadd,  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ­ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯, literal meaning limit, or restriction) is the word often used in  Islamic  literature for the bounds of acceptable behaviour and the punishments for serious crimes. Definition of hudud. In Islamic law or  Sharia, hudud usually refers to the class of punishments that are fixed for certain crimes that are considered to be claims of God. They include theft, fornication and adultery (zina), consumption of alcohol or other intoxicants (khamr), and apostasy. According to Islamic dictionary hudu law is define as muslim law: divine punishments; the category of crimes most egregious and therefore most severely punished. Sharia is an Arabic word meaning the right path. Crimes in Islam Crimes under Islamic Law can be broken down into 3 major categories. Each will be discussed in greater detail with some common law analogies. The three major crime categories in Islamic Law are: Hadd Crimes [plural Hudud] (most serious), Tazir Crimes (least serious), Qisas Crimes (revenge crimes restitution). Hudud crimes. Hadd crimes are those which are punishable by a pre-established punishment found in the Quran. These most serious of all crimes are found by an exact reference in the Quran to a specific act and a specific punishment for that act. There is no reducing the punishment for a Hadd crime. Hadd crimes have no minimum or maximum punishments attached to them. The punishment system is comparable to the determinate sentence imposed by some judges in the United States. If you commit a crime, you know what your punishment will be. No judge can change or reduce the punishment for these serious crimes. The Hadd crimes are: Murder, Apostasy from Islam (Making war upon Allah and His messengers), Theft, Adultery, Defamation (False accusation of adultery or fornication), Robbery, Alcohol-drinking (any intoxicants) The first four Hadd crimes have a specific punishment in the Quran. The last three crimes are mentioned but no specific punishment is found. Thus the last three crimes, the punishment falls into taazir crimes which the punishment is declared by the government. Punishments under hudud law. Hudud  punishments are the severe  penalities prescribed by  sharia  for offenses defined as being against God himself. The punishments for these crimes are seen as divinely ordained and cannot be changed by humans. Methods of Execution HOW SYARIAH AND HUDUD LAW APPLIED IN MALAYSIA? According to Islam, a state which use holy quran and prophets tradition as its state constitution and the law that govern the people is an Islamic law is an Islamic state. The rulers also must be elected from muslim members in their community. Article 3 of the Federal Constitution stated that Islam is the religion of the Federation. But as such stated in Article 11 of the Federal Constitution is that every person have the right to profess and practice their own religion and subject to Clause 4, to propagate it. Article 3 merely declares that Islam is the official religion of the federation. It does not declare as does Constitution of Pakistan that the federation is an Islamic state. In Malaysia, although sharia law is applicable to all Muslim, but it only deals with family law and the division of property. Not all chambers of sharia law is applied in Malaysia. Basically for crime, the punishment is laid down in Penal Code. Recently, the government of Kelantan express their intention to impose hudud law in Malaysia while the other opposition side refuse to, especially DAP which their members all are non-muslim and Parti Keadilan Rakyat. Taking into consideration how you wanted to govern the people which are not muslim and didnt have faith in it, to follow its rules? As rational human beings, naturally we understand that in life there is such a thing as limits to whatever we can do or experience in all that takes place upon ourselves or others for the matter. No matter what particular matter or issue that we want to dwell upon or commit, we know that the law of nature always prevails over us or any circumstances. How much can we eat? How much can we drink? How much can we carry? How fast can we go? How long do we want to live? There are just so many things that we can keep asking each and everyone of you reading this and almost always you will agree with me that there is only a certain amount of things or eventualities that can take place. History is the best teacher of us all where it concerns matters that mankind are so desperately after? Power, strength, youth, beauty, libido, masculinity, femininity, authority, wealth, all the spoils of this earthly life that one can imagine and crave for? Reflect back to our coming into being. From a embryo after being conceived by our mother as a result of the physical union of our parents, we develop from stage to stage and eventually become a fully formed human baby in our mothers womb and at the appropriate time and moment decided by Allah the Almighty, we are born and delivered into this earthly realm. If we had stayed any longer in our mothers womb, there might be a danger both to our mother and to us as an infant ready to come out into this world. There is a certain limit to pregnancy. Thats a form of hadd or limit. Coming back to the main gist of this posting, we now have to understand what the Hudud in Islam means? As stated above, the ulama of Fiqh define hudud to be a Code of Punishments to be implemented by the authorities in an Islamic nation upon criminal acts carried out by the offenders who are proven without a doubt to be guilty of such crimes and upon conviction be punished as decreed by the Almighty. It is tosaid that if hudud law will be enacted in Malaysia, some of the execution must be recheck and change to suit the society now. As such, there is no provision for any punishments decreed by Allah SWT to be reduced, added on or altered by Mankind. The Hudud is Allahs Rights upon us Mankind. Criminal punishments upon those found to be guilty according to the Hudud Laws can not be dropped against the criminal or criminals by any individual or society as a whole. The Hudud Laws are meant to be a safeguard from the Almighty to protect human society from all forms of crime and to preserve peace, social orderliness and to ensure the safety of the general public. Any form of wrongdoing committed by any individual or group is to be judged according to what has been laid down in the Supreme Constitution of Allah SWT in the form of the Holy Al Quran Al Karim and as per the Hadiths of His Greatest and Final Messenger to all Mankind, the Blessed Prophet Muhammad S.W.T. Part A ( Chart Research ) SUGGESTION TO IMPLEMENT THESE LAWS ONTO NON-MUSLIMS. There is suggestion to implement these laws onto non-muslims, but, question arise whether this is workable? Our group had divided into three categories during our research and analysis on this suggestion where we suggested to divide the opinion to the basic of 3 findings, which consist most general(society Malaysia), less general(MMU student), and specific(lecturer and legal expertise). First category is on the views given by society in Malaysia. CHART 1 : MALAYSIAN CITIZENS VOTES ( Based on Poll Opinion on Internet ) The second category is according to the societies votes in Malaysia included those non-Malaysians who lived in Malaysia. Chart 2 : MMU Votes According the chart above, which derived from the poll, survey and interviews that made by our group. There were 30% of Muslims in Malaysia totally disagreed to implement these laws in Malaysia, and, 10% of them agreed to implement it in Malaysia, 2% of them were neutral positions. While, for the votes given by non-Muslims in Malaysia, there were 35% disagreed and none of them vote for agree or neutral. On the other hand, Muslims but not citizens of Malaysian gave 5% agreed and 5% disagreed towards the suggestion but none of them give votes for neutral. Lastly, the non-Muslims for those who are not the citizens of Malaysia, totally disagreed by giving 15% of the votes. It can be conclude that 85% of the Malaysian citizens totally disagreed on the suggestion to implement these laws onto non-Muslims. Some of them said that there will be no equality and justice to those who has no beliefs in the religions. Not only that, there is also some sayings that the law is too excessive and strict to adapt in current society. There will be difficulties and challenges that government and society will face if they impose the law. LECTURER`S VIEW CHART 1 : Lecturer view`s and opinion`s In this chart, we can see that among 9 lecturers that had been interviewed, there were 5 lecturers that totally disagreed of the suggestion to implement these laws onto non-Muslims. One of them is Miss Nur Fazini Asro Binti Ramizi Sulaiman, which in her opinion, she said that As for me, the suggestion to implement hudud law to non -Muslims is unreasonable. This is because if it is to be look upon the legal perspectives itself, the Syariah law only has the jurisdiction within the matter of MUSLIMS only. The interpretation in the statute itself has define, who are to be governed within this kind of law. For an example, a non-Muslim cannot become a syariee law, only a Muslim can be a syariee law, same goes to the syariah law (implementation only to Muslim). Thus it may be seem to complicated if arguments, suggesting hudud law are to be implement to non-Muslims. Not only that, Dr. Mohamed Ishak Bin Abdul Hamid also stated in his opinion that Hudud law ,is created only to govern the one who are professing the religion of Islam, and as for non-Muslims , it shall be unfair for them, for hudud law to be impose on them , due to their lack of knowledge, pertaining on Hudud law. On the other hand, the other 4 lecturers were in neutral opinions. Neither agreed nor disagreed. According to Sir Gary Ng Kit Min, If it to be look upon to in this matter, it may be divided into 2 aspect which is, in religion perspectives and the legal system perspectives. If in religion perspectives, the syariah law, should be apply to muslim only, not to non-muslim ,but if in legal perspectives, if the parliament passed a law, that which provides that the syariah law shall be the supremacy law in the country, thus the citizens (Muslim and non) cannot do anything except to accept it as the law of the country. As for Sir Jeong CP, have a different view pertaining on this matter, the religion is not wrong, if the question to be arose, such issues. Every religion have its own way in culturing of the individual who professing the religion itself, It its to be look in more liberal way, the religion is never wrong, it is one who are professing the religion are to be blamed for not giving the detail reason for his or her act. For an example, if it`s to be look in one principle of a car and a driver, the driver drive a car later caught into accident, who`s to be blame? The car or the driver.? The car is never to be blamed, as it had given, its fullest performance, well as for the driver? it may be the driver fault, maybe he was negligence when driving the car . Same goes to the religion, if there`s any defect, mischief or any mistake occurs to the society due to action done by an individual who professing such religion, it for them ( the individual ) to be blamed, as he or she has been negligence. The Al-Quran had put such many various way, to protect the maslahah (life in word and hereafter ) of individual, and any action done by an individual must have the sebabasbab ( reason ) .The society have been much liberal nowdays, any action done, must come with justifications and reason. Then the society may somehow be much open minded to receive any law to govern them, to develop a better society. Part B ( Articles and Newspaper Reviews ) ARTICLES SUMMARY [Hudud Law being applied in Terengganu, Malaysia]  [1]   As being shown in the article itself, Hudud Bill was being drafted by the Terengganu State Government and it constitutes a gross violation of the principles of justice and equality in Islam. Its being said that under this Hudud Bill, women who reported to been raped if being unable to provide evidence for the said statement, will be charged for slanderous accusation and 80 lashes; an unmarried woman who gets pregnant is assumed to have committed zina,  [2]  even if she has been raped; also a women cannot be taken as a witness for a case. The question arise here would be, how is this constitutional in the eyes of the law? In Malaysia we have a supreme law which is the Federal Constitution (FC) and under the FC, it provides equality section which made all persons equal before the law and entitle to an equal protection of law. The Hudud however, contradicts with the provision of the FC as it mentioned no discrimination shall occur in favor of any person under Art.8 of the FC  [3]à ‚  . It is important to note that all criticisms of Islam and its defense mainly rotate around its approach to women rights. Theres many criticism as to why Hudud shouldnt be applied in Malaysia, but the criticism is primarily focused on the stringent requirements of four reputable witnesses for offences such as adultery and qazaf  [4]  which according to them makes conviction for the abovecrime almost impossible.The evidence that could support the charge of adultery are the confession of either orboth the accused persons and/or eyewitness testimony made by four males, who are of justifiable and credible character. Anything else is merely circumstantial evidence and not admissible in a hadd prosecution.  [5]  Going back to the article itself again, question to be asked would be whether it would be unjust for the law to come out with a punishment of flogging 80 lashes if a clear proof of the rape committed couldnt be shown? The answer itself, lies under Art.8 of the FC as in the ca se of PP v DatukHarun bin Haji Idris  [6]  , where Suffian LP laid down the principle stating that if a law itself is discriminatory, one should see whether it falls within the exceptions allowed by the FC and if its not, it cant be said as a good law. As the situation laid down here, if we insist to apply Hudud into the Malaysian Legal System, even to the non-Muslim, it would definitely be unjust and contradicts with our Constitution as it is not obeying the provisions laid under Art.8 of the FC, which the equality of all before the law. Tun Dr. Mahathir, our ex-PM commented at the Hududs condition on rape offence, whereby four witnesses are required to convict a perpetrator, that today we have the modern equivalent tool of DNA. You can collect evidence of rape through collecting DNA samples and compare them with the offender.In Islam, the most important thing is justice. When you judge, you must make sure justice has been served. If you judge knowing clearly that this is unjust, then I think it is un-Islamic, he said.  [7]  And not to forget, Art.11 of the FC is interpreted itself to mean freedom of religion and therefore it is supposed to be a guarantee against prosecution on the basis of choice of religion thats being propagated. As for the effect of the Hudud on the gender relations if its being applied in Malaysia, there are many provisions in the Hudud discriminate against women. Women will not be accepted as witnesses and women are also most likely to be prosecuted for slander if they are not able to prove rape, which contradicts which our current provision of the Constitution. While in cases of adultery women which becomes pregnant will immediately be charged for the offence while it will be impossible to charge the male partner because of the requirement of four male Muslim witnesses. Evidence for rape is ocular evidence of four adult male witnesses or confession of the accused. The victims own statement has no testimonial value. Even if medical examination is taken and a sexual act has been proved to have taken place, the accused can still be acquitted. The woman is then convicted of zina. The onus is upon the victim to prove that she was not a consenting party to her rape. Even minors can be convicted of zina, unlike what is provided in the existing penal code, where consent of a minor is immaterial and statutory rape is applicable. All of these will then be causing gender discrimination in our country and the equality provision under the Constitution will therefore become unreliable under the provision of the Hudud if being applied here, in our country. ARTICLES SUMMARY [Hudud Law being applied in Saudi Arabia] Traditional Islamic law has become the basis for criminal law systems in Islamic countries. The most notable example of this is Saudi Arabia, where the Quran and Sunnah form the basis for the government and the legal system. Political Background Article 1 of the Constitution states that: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a sovereign Arab Islamic state with Islam as its religion; Gods Book and the Sunnah of His Prophet, Gods prayers and peace be upon him, are its constitution, Arabic is its language and Riyadh is its capital  [8]   The legal system is, therefore, based on the divine revelation, rather than judicial decisions or written law. Article 38 of the Saudi Constitution sets forth that : (i)There shall be no crime or penalty except in accordance with a Shariah or organizational law. (ii)There shall be no punishment except for acts committed subsequent to the coming into force of the organizational law. This indicates that crimes and their penalties must be specifically set forth before punishments may be imposed. The Saudi Constitution also provides that the state protects human rights in accordance with the Islamic Shariah  [9]  . Legal System Saudi Arabian courts follow the Hanbali school. A judge in Saudi Arabia is called a qadi and must be trained as a scholar and a great follower of Islam  [10]  . There are three levels of courts. Mustajalah courts are the local courts and do not have jurisdiction over any case that could result in death. The High Courts of Sharia Law, or kubra, have jurisdiction over hudud and qisas crimes. Although usually only one qadi sits on each court, the hearing of a crime that would result in execution is heard by a panel of three judges. The three qadi conduct the investigation, examine witnesses, and issue a verdict. A defendant sentenced to death in a kubra court has a right of appeal to the Court of Cassation, and the case is heard by a five-qadi panel. During this review, the court does not examine the law or facts, but merely ensures that the judge has paid sufficient attention to the point of objection  [11]  . The Supreme Judicial Council reviews all death penalty cases. The Ki ng has final review. For death penalty cases for hudud crimes, the only review is of guilt; the penalty cannot be changed  [12]  . Population Saudi Arabia is the largest Muslim country of the world. It has an estimated population of 28 million. Saudi Arabia is a Kingdom and about 8 million people are migrants from different countries of the world. Saudi Arabia is the center of Muslims as the mousoleum of Holy Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) is in this country. According to The Future of the Global Muslim Population by Pew Research Center  [13]  , Saudi Arabia have about 25,493,000 estimated number of muslims population in 2010, which brings to approximately 97.1% of its citizen is a muslim. Thats about 1.6% of the muslim population as a whole. Educational System According to Robert Sedgwick  [14]  , education in Saudi Arabia is segregated by sex and divided into three separately administered systems: general education for boys, education for girls and traditional Islamic education (for boys). The religious secondary school curriculum includes the general academic secondary school curriculum but focuses primarily on Islamic and Arabic studies. Where memorization of the Quran, interpretation and understanding of the Quran (Tafsir) are stressed. Newspaper review ANALYSIS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND SAUDI ARABIA Well it come to our understanding, on the paper based on its facts, analysis and others, we might able to implement this kind of law to both in Malaysia. But the question arose, whether when the government tries to implement this kind of law to both, would It be a total satisfaction to all who professing other religions? Indeed based on the analysis in Saudi Arabia country, it much obvious to see, hudud and syariah law, have well indeed, governed its government and society, whether in education, society, politics and legal system. But it come to much argument though, well if it is to be look upon the society of Saudi Arabia itself, Saudi Arabia is the largest Muslim country of the world. It has an estimated population of 28 millionapproximately 97.1% of its citizen, is a muslim. Thats about 1.6% of the muslims population as a whole. Differently in Malaysia which consist a multi-race society, which professing other religion instead of Islam itself. It would be easy to implement to Saudi Arabia, where its citizens, almost 97% professing the religion of Islam, while in Malaysia at least 30% of its citizens, professing the religion of Islam. Further to be illustrated that, as to be seen in respect of Education matters in Saudi Arabia, the government itself have well emphasized the society with primarily on Islamic and Arabic studies where the government of Saudi Arabia divided the system of education, into three parts which is education for boys, education for girls and traditional Islamic education (for boys), since their childhood. Differently, in Malaysia, it seems that the government itself does not really emphasizes the teaching of Islam (like fardhu ain) to the citizens, where the general education are ought to be champ. To be concluded, if one argument arose that the hudud law are ought to be implemented in Malaysia, first aspect to be considered is, the government of Malaysia itself may need to take a reconsideration to send a few people of ulama to have an emphasize knowledge of hudud and syariah law in any other Islamic country for example Saudi Arabia. As far to be concern, Malaysia have none who is really have such a perfect detail knowledge of any arguments pertaining to hudud law itself. Differently in Saudi Arabia, it would be easy to implement hududlaw there, as to the reason, there is many ulama who are far concerned, well learned of the syariah and hudud law themselves. THE DIFFICULTIES AND CHALLENGES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HUDUD LAW IN MALAYSIA. Crux of hudud controversy, is the fact that both sides do not understand democracy and do not respect the democratic right of someone to support or oppose what they feel they want to support or oppose. Being a citizen of a democratic country, every citizen has a democratic right to drea about the Hudud and to support it, also to have nightmares about Hudud and oppose it. The implementation of hudud law (or any law for that matter) in Malaysia remains a possibility under democracy. It is not yet implemented because the majority of Malaysians including the Muslims themselves for some reason do not want it. They are simply practicing their democratic right by not giving it their consent.  [15]   Seen from a broader perspective hudud is not actually the real problem. It is just a form of punishment for a number of crimes mentioned in the Quran. Only criminals and criminals want-to-be, we might say, should be afraid of it. A proper Muslim would never reject hudud per se because he knows that it is a part of Islamic Law and it is a part of Islam. But a proper Muslim also would not allow people who are incompetent to use hudud as their rhetoric just to get into power because they are going to create bigger disaster. Hudud and Islamic law will not appear good and convincing in the hands of those who do not possess adequate moral and intellectual integrity. Hence, this is a matter of giving the trust to the rightful people. Implementing hudud is a big trust and it should not be given to just anybody. If the ability is not yet there, the real responsibility of the Muslims is to get themselves equipped with what it takes to carry out that responsibility.  [16]   So the real problem is the Muslims themselves who are, as a whole, no longer good Muslims in term of their understanding and practice of Islam so that they are not capable of carrying out their duties and responsibilities as it should be. As such, and as a matter of priority, what they really need today is a proper education that will make them be a good Muslims morally and intellectually. It is true that the criminals among them need to be punished according to Islamic law but that is not going to happen anyway if the majority do not believe in Islamic law or have no confidence in those who want to implement it. So now, the crux of the matter is actually education, only a properly educated human being will be able to use his democratic right wisely. When we talk about the education, the emphasis is on the individuals, not the society, and what matters most is ethics and morality instead of politics and law. Islamic law and political system cannot be conceived nor practiced outside the framework of Islamic ethics and morality because justice actually begins with the self. Even divine law cannot bring justice to the society if it is left in the hand of incompetent and corrupt individuals. A corrupt government can be brought down through the ballot box but it does not guarantee that the new government will be better that the previous one. True reform must ultimately come from a gradual process of education that is properly conceived and implemented. Our politicians, unfortunately, are not really interested in education. Perhaps, due to being poorly educated themselves, they do not see anything greater and more important than power. They think only with power and kind of reform can be done, hence their first concern over anything else is to get into power.  [17]   Besides that, the Malaysian Bar, stated that the Hudud cannot be implemented within the current constitutional and legislative framework. This is because, the law, as it stands, does not allow for the implementation of hudud by the States.   The Federal Constitution only allows the States to enact laws creating offences by persons professing the religion of Islam, against the precepts of Islam, and the respective punishments for such offences. With respect to the nature of such offences, these offences cannot include matters within the legislative powers of the Federal Government.   Therefore, there can be no replication of any of the offences within any Federal law with a different degree of punishment only for Muslims. Further, these laws, if enacted, must themselves be consistent with fundamental liberties guaranteed to all citizens, including Muslims, under Part II of the Federal Constitution. As to the scope of the punishments for offences against the precepts of Islam, the extent must be conferred by Federal law. The Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act 1965 provides that the Syariah Courts in all States shall not exercise jurisdiction in respect of any offence punishable with imprisonment for a term exceeding six strokes or with any fine exceeding five thousands ringgit or with whipping exceeding six strokes or with any combination thereof. Hence, the penalties that Syariah Courts can mete out are clearly circumscribed, and do not inclu