How the integration of all the systems contribute to normal functioning Essay

All parts of the human body are extremely different and each one complex in the way in which they functioning. The integration of the eleven systems of the body are all essential for normal functioning and need interact to maintain a healthy body. An example of integration, is the respiratory system and the circulatory system. The respiratory system brakes down Oxygen (O) taken into the body. After this action has taken place, the Oxygen is then passed into the circulatory system to be transported around the body to provide cells with energy. This energy is called Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), without this energy the body and its functioning would fail. After Oxygen has been distributed around the body the waste product Carbon Dioxide (C02), is taken back to the respiratory system via the circulatory system to be excreted from the body. Another example of system integration is the relationship between the nervous system, endocrine system, circulatory system and reproduction system. The nervous system collects information from around the body and processes it to give a output action. Arousal of the sexual organs, detected by the nervous system triggers a hormonal release. The hormones, produced by the endocrine system in the testes and ovaries, travel through the circulatory system in the blood to the reproductive system. The two examples above show examples of Homoeostasis, which is the internal environment of the body which must kept balanced at all times. Should Homoeostasis fail or any of the body’s systems fail, temporarily or permanently, it can have consequences on the other systems in the human body. It can cause disturbance in the body functioning and can sometimes even result in death. Integration is absolutely essential for survival.

How Religion Affects Society Essay

More generally, social scientists are discovering the continuing power of religion to protect the family from the forces that would tear it down. 13 Professor Bergin’s summary was echoed two years later by nationally syndicated columnist William Raspberry: â€Å"Almost every commentator on the current scene bemoans the increase of violence, lowered ethical standards and loss of civility that mark American society. Is the decline of religious influence part of what is happening to us? Is it not Just possible that anti-religious bias masquerading as religious neutrality is costing more than we have been willing to acknowledge? † 14 Other reviewsl 5 also list the positive effects of religious belief and practice in reducing uch problems as suicide, substance abuse, divorce, and marital dissatisfaction. Such evidence indicates clearly that religious practice contributes significantly to the quality of American life. Given this evidence, Congress should: Begin a new national debate to help renew the role of religion in American life; Ask the General Accounting Office (GAO) to review the evidence on the beneficial effects of religious practice in the relevant social science literature and report its findings to a national commission formed to promote the consideration of religious Fund federal experiments with school choice that ractice among U. S. citizens; include religiously affiliated schools; Pass a sense-of-the-congress resolution that data on religious practice are useful for policymakers and researchers as part of the public policy debate; and Mandate a census question on religious practice. It religious practice in America. The President should: Appoint Judges who are more sensitive to the role of religion in public life, with the Senate ensuring that such is the case by ascertaining the stand of Judges on matters of religion and its relationship to the Constitution; Direct the Bureau of he Census to record levels of religious practice in the census for the year 2000 (time is running out for preparation of the census questionnaire); and Issue a directive to all federal agencies making clear that cooperation between government entities and the social, medical, and educational services of faith-based organizations does not violate separation of church and state. The U. S. Supreme Court should: Review the decisions in which it has changed the laws of the land by changing commonly held beliefs regarding the Constitution and religion and send to Congress hose that should have been the object of legislative action rather than Judicial reinterpretation. America’s religious leaders should: Be much more assertive in emphasizing the contribution of religion to the health of the nation and in resisting efforts to minimize religion in public discourse; Make clear to their congregations that they are contributing not only to their own welfare, but also to the well-being of the nation by their regular attendance at religious worship; Take special care of the religious formation of children, especially during the transition period from childhood to adolescence, when they are ost likely to lose their religious faith; Recognize that the church in the inner city, especially the black church, has a vital role to play in helping its people escape from the degrading culture of inner-city poverty;

Mental health and mental illnesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Mental health and mental illnesses - Essay Example It is extremely difficult for us mortals to attain complete physical, mental or social wellbeing. A very common perception of health is that it is a commodity that can be "bought by investment in private health care; sold via health food stores and health centres; given by surgery and drugs and lost following accident or disease (Aggleton 1990, p.11). If the WHO definition was assailed, this concept of health as a commodity was reviled mainly because health was made dependent not on the person but on the merchandise that could be obtained from Another definition of health is that it is "the reserve of strength of energy. The meaning of strength can be extrapolated to mental strength which is the 'attitude or outlook of life which helps the individual cope with adversity". There is also a definition which says that health is the "ability to adapt to changing circumstances" (Aggleton 1990, p.11). ... There is also a definition which says that health is the "ability to adapt to changing circumstances" (Aggleton 1990, p.11). Still, another definition of health points to health as a conglomeration of a number of factors, which are foundations for achievement, "which help people to achieve their maximum personal potential" Such foundations for achievement encompass such basic things as water, food, shelter, "access to information and the skill and confidence to make sense of this" (Aggleton 1990,p.12). The traditional concept of health, meanwhile propounds that a healthy person is 'someone who exists in a state of equilibrium of mind, body and spirit" and "when this equilibrium is disturbed, then the health of the individual is impaired." ( Harari & Legge 2001,p.1). Of course, it drew brickbats from some people who cannot conceptualise health as a mere equilibrium of mind, body and spirit and finds this concept too vague and obscure. Health is better understood if we comprehend the concepts of disease and illness. Health suffers at the onset of disease. Disease and illness, contrary to the belief of many, do not come together. One may have disease without actually knowing it as in the case of an AIDS victim and knowledge comes only when pain or discomfort begins to pester one's being. This is the3 time that the sufferer realises he is ill. But his disease commenced at the moment the bacteria or virus had begun to inhabit his body, which inhabiting signaled an abnormality or pathology in a portion of

Operations Management course. Memo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operations Management course. Memo - Case Study Example Although CX Technologies has been able to maintain its position in the market, growth has plateaued and with the incoming recession, business is set to go down further. Bhole e.al states that the company’s expansion into the Asian market recently and considering the positive outcomes of this expansion, the probability of succeeding into the automotive industry is high (7-8). According to observers, the automotive industry faces a bleak future, considering that many people are more apprehensive about rising gas prices, a factor that has led to lower vehicle purchases. The situation has been aggravated by the fact that the largest three manufactures have approached the government in search of caution against the recession. According to Bhole et.al, possibilities for success are raised by the sheer size of the industry in the United States is a major motivating factor in this expansion (7). This allows for CX Technology to penetrate the market and offer competitively lower prices, since the company’s personnel are enough to provide the needed labor. With branches in Asia already, the company is in a good position to tap into the Chinese market and take advantage of the growing economy and demand for automobiles. This is a risky project because it puts the entire future of the company at stake. If the decision is made to follow up with the plan, then the company risks running bankrupt, especially considering the current recession. If the proposal into expand to the automotive industry is passed, then feasibility studies need to be undertaken as soon as possible. The company’s entire workforce is to be notified about the new enterprise, so as to be prepared to provide the necessary labor. In conclusion, every business needs to take a risk once in a while and test new opportunities; otherwise it risks stagnation and monotony. Venturing into the automotive industry seems like a worthwhile risk for CX Technology, in an effort to grow the company’s

Developing Hospitality Properties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developing Hospitality Properties - Essay Example The next step is deciding the best ways to raise money which will be discussed in this paper. Debts are very available and utilizable sources of funds for any purpose. According to (Walker, 2009), commercial banks are among the best and most common sources of loaning finances. Such funds come in the form of loans which are usually sufficient for all needs. Such loans are classified according to the repayment period. Term loans are repayable over a long period probably longer than a year, an intermediate loan is repayable within five years and there are those loans that take longer periods of over 20 years. However, such loans are not easily acquired and this is one of its restrictions. Barrows and Powers (2008) explicitly state other limitations of such loans as; security is mandatory, some interest rates are very high and the risk of receiving due to defaulting the loan are usually high. A lot of capital is required in this restaurant keeping in mind the myriad of services it is int ended to offer. According to Hunt (2008) this is one property of a high risk business because the surety of the population feeding on spicy Indian cuisine is not 100% guaranteed. Therefore, he states that the other kind of debt can be through venture capital. In this case, the venture capital source is refunded through owning equity in the restaurant. One of the advantages of such a debt according to Burrows and Powers (2008) is that it is readily available especially for new businesses such as this. Secondly, it creates an environment where public relations and advertising are made easier and easy success of the business. Lastly, it has less risks compared to most loans. However, the mother company may end up losing complete control of the business operations, and also the risk of receivership in case of defaulting payment. Investors or rather angel investors as Leman and DuFrene (2010), are not really classified under debts. These are just people who have to be convinced of the su ccess of one’s business before they invest in it. They are looked at as more of private banks by most people and authors too. The two authors state that recently, this concept has been made easier by the knowledge of availability of such investors through networking and other business professionals. An agreement is made on how and when to pay the investor back depending on the businesses flexibility. Among its advantages is that it is readily available, flexibility in payment and in some cases, the investors double up as advisors. Walker (2009) states that such kinds of debts are usually more expensive and it is very difficult to find an investor who is willing and able to raise the required amount. In a way, debts are also provided by small business investment companies. Apparently, such companies are sometimes ostensibly stated as banks but they are completely the opposite. Longnecker, Etty, Palich, and Hoy (2009) have explicitly shown how some of these businesses sometimes partner with the government in providing small or medium sized loans. All they demand is a percentage of ownership in the restaurant which they will hold on to until all their money is paid back. The reimbursement period is usually flexible and the investment funds are easily acquired. However, Walker (2009) states that ownership in small business investment companies is tantamount to almost total control. Making decisions for such companies takes a long time as all the stakeholders have to be consulted and unanimously

Entrepreneurship and small business development Essay - 1

Entrepreneurship and small business development - Essay Example In the review, I have chosen different entrepreneurs, where each displays different qualities such as motivation, leadership, invention, innovation, and change. A study of the factors that have motivated Donald Trump in the course of his business start-up Entrepreneurship is a difficult practice to start and become successful; it is highly influenced by many factors such as motivation. Motivation refers to encouragements one gets as he is doing something to be successful. It can be inform of incentives, encouraging words, and showing someone else hat you are proud of their work. Donald Trump ventured into business with his mentor, his father, who by then was a real estate dealer under Trump organization. The following is a literature review of the biography of Donald Trump, which looks at his path to success, clearly looking into what motivated him as an entrepreneur who clearly became successful in his businesses. Donald’s father, Fredric C. Trump, was an enormous influence a nd a significant motivator of Donald. Donald exemplified exquisite wok after joining his father’s company after college. In his endeavors, while working under his father’s wing, he made prodigious deals on behalf of Trump organization making his father proud. Subsequently, as a way of motivating his son, Fredrick encouraged by showing it through proud comments such as â€Å"some of my best deals were made by my son, Donald†¦.everything he touches turns to gold,†(Bio 2011). Moreover, Donald also admitted that his father was an ardent influencer in his business life; occasionally he could confess that his father was a terrific mentor as he had the opportunity to learn a lot about the construction industry, a fact that has always boosted his career in the real estate industry. Soon after, a young Donald Trump moved to Manhattan, where he started-off his business, which has continuously expanded over the years. Factors that have motivated Bill Gates in the cour se of his business start-up The following analysis consists of a review of the path Bill Gates followed on his way to success. The review is of an article detailing the motivations that saw Gates to his success as he incorporated one of the most successful companies in the world. Bill Gates faced many challenges following his drastic measure to quit Harvard University and venture into creating operating software programs for computers. However, he had various things that motivated and kept his dreams afloat such as having a strong vision. Gates, as one of the most renowned entrepreneur, in the world, had an incredible vision as he started his career. In his mind, he dreamt of every desk having a computer as one of the vital tools one needed as they work. On starting his business, in the year 1975 and 1976, Bill gates, in his operations, posted losses, but this did not deter him from pursuing his dream (Famous People 2004). Bill is an entrepreneur consumed by the hunger of making mon ey; hence, from the start this factor always motivated him at work. As an entrepreneur, he is out to acquire returns; hence, he is motivated by this fact such that, he hires the best and ensures that his employees are well rewarded. Downfalls in business are a reason as to why many companies close down, and Bill Gates’ Microsoft Company is among the many that have faced some of the backlashes such as lack of release dates of their products among other problems. However, Bills strong will and motivation

Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Management - Essay Example However, this would attract large capital investments and total relocation which are not feasible at the present juncture. A centralized Storing & Warehousing Department could solve the problem. Under this system, the customer could provide his material requirements electronically through computer to the vendors. All his material supplies could be processed electronically in a central system and requisitions placed to different units that stock these items. All the requisitioned items could then be sent across to a central point used as material collection centre. The buyer needs to collect all his needed materials from this central point. This way, a complete electronic track is kept of all receipts and dispatch of goods to/from different units, however, geographically dispersed they may be. While exerting excellent control over goods, it also serves to reduce the efforts of customers who would otherwise need to move from unit to unit to collect their goods. The arrival pattern of trucks leads to traffic congestion and contributes to gridlock within the unit. This could be seen as an offshoot of the problem mentioned earlier. It is suggested that separate timings and controls are maintained for delivery trucks visiting the unit. These would be parked in areas which are not within normal business parking zones, thus the normal production etc would not be affected by vendors, or delivery activities. Moreover, the use of a centralized warehousing would relieve the congestion in peripheral stores and depots, and exercise more efficient control mechanism. There are concerns about Manufacturing Unit at Pacific Northwest (PN) with regard to rising production costs, higher carrying costs, late deliveries, increasing incidence of scrap and lower product quality standards that need to be urgently addressed to. In all

Alzheimers Disease World Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alzheimers Disease World Statistics - Essay Example A critical look at the total deaths reveals a better understanding of the countries that have the biggest share of the Alzheimer’s global deaths. According to the study, nations with the biggest number of loss of life because of Alzheimer’s in 2013 were geographically varied however most of them come from the higher-wage classification. For instance, in 2013, the US, China, and India all had more than 100,000 deaths; while Germany, Japan, Brazil, United Kingdom, Italy, Russia, and Spain all had more than 40,000 Alzheimer's deaths in the same year. Also, middle-income nations in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, as well as everywhere else carry an increasingly huge burden due to Alzheimer’s deaths. Further, in 2013, Indonesia, Mexico, Turkey, Ukraine, Vietnam, Thailand, Argentina, Iran, Pakistan, Poland, and Bangladesh all had more than 10,000 losses of life due to Alzheimer’s. The main factor that drives India and China to the top with regar ds to the total deaths due to Alzheimer’s is their high populations. This is because in 2013, Alzheimer’s as well as other dementias, in fact, resulted in a small percentage of deaths in both countries, for instance, only over 2% in China, as well as about 1% in India).   The deaths of people from the disease have shown an upward trend although the deaths from other major illnesses such as HIV, stroke and heart disease has continued to experience significant reduction.  

The Teachings of Isaiah and Their Relevance to the Contemporary Reader Essay Example for Free

The Teachings of Isaiah and Their Relevance to the Contemporary Reader Essay Isaiah, 30. 21 Isaiah (meaning â€Å"the Lord saves†) was a prophet who lived in Jerusalem about 2700 years ago and is considered â€Å"one of the greatest figures in the prophetic series† (Blunt 1953: 49). Little information is known Isaiah the man, and what information exists is often contradictory or ambiguous. What Charpentier (1982) gathers from his writing is that he had a wife (known as the prophetess) and three children. Isaiah’s most famous prophecy was that of the birth of Jesus when he wrote, â€Å"Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. (Isaiah 7:14) but his other writings are also often accredited with being some of the most accurate of all the prophets. So prominent is the reality that those who preserved a knowledge concerning Isaiah have done so with a sole interest in his message surely stresses its importance to the contemporary reader. Due to its geographical location between the strong nations of the Egyptians, Persians, Babylonians, Greeks, Romans and Assyrians it was rare to have a time when Canaan was not under attack. What is more, after the death of Solomon the kingdom was divided in two, with Israel to the North and Judah to the south remaining under the rule of David. In 721 BC Assyria invaded from the north and conquered the northern capital Samaria. Therefore when Isaiah undertook his ministry in 736 BC, the year that Uzziah died, the north and south were divided, and soon after, the â€Å"northern kingdom was in turmoil† (Charpentier, 1982:20). It has been contested by many scholars (Clements Heaton)that the book of Isaiah has in fact been written by more than one person. This is due to the variations in writing style, tone throughout the book. Furthermore, at different parts of the book, the political situation Isaiah refers to seems to change, some information coming from a time after he was thought to have ended his ministry. Some claim that the book is merely a collection of teachings from numerous writers, but it is generally accepted that there were three main authors, due to the trio of defined preaching styles evident in the book. The author of the first section is known as â€Å"Isaiah of Jerusalem† in which the prophet denounces Israels prejudice and foolish trust in rituals, and he calls the people to repent. The second section, by Deutero-Isaiah is thought to encompass chapters 40-55 and refers to the time Isaiah’s people spent in exile in the sixth century BC. This period is after Isaiah had allegedly finished his ministry. The final section of the book spans the entire period from Isaiah’s call to ministry, to the return to Jerusalem after exile. Whilst these differences provide substantial evidence against a sole author, it must be noted that there are similarities throughout the book. Phrases are repeated and certain prophecies refer to messages in other prophecies. Therefore, the existence of more than one author can be seen as an advantage as wider time-frame has been covered, and yet the teaching has remained constant; by listening to God’s message you will receive his saving mercy. Judgement and redemption† (Clements, 1980: 17) are the core themes of Isaiah, but the manner in which this message is conveyed varies throughout. The chapters below outline the key focuses of Isaiah’s teachings and their relevance for today. The opening chapter serves to introduce Isaiah’s prophecies in an open and direct manner. From the very outset the tone is one of disappointment and anger as he presents the message from God, â€Å"I have nourished and brought up my children and they have rebelled against meâ⠂¬  (Isaiah 1:2). Isaiah, who was a strong supporter in the Davidic dynasty, used the term â€Å"Yahweh† (meaning â€Å"God of Israel†) throughout his writing, to convey the strength of his belief that Israel as a whole nation was God’s chosen people and so should not be divided. In this chapter he expresses his disgust at the division between North and South, and at King Ahaz’s acceptance of allegiance with Assyria at the expense of the Northern kingdom; â€Å"Your country is desolate, your cities are burned with fire: your land, strangers devour it in your presence. † (Isaiah 1:7). To him this signified movement away from their duty as the chosen people and thus deserted God. He condemns the people’s hedonistic acts such as corruption, excessive amounts of festivals and, â€Å"vain oblations† (Isaiah 1:13). What is more he warned that if the people did not change their ways, God would turn away from them and, â€Å"when ye make your prayers I will not hear them† (Isaiah 1:15). However, Isaiah made clear that not all was lost, and stressed that if they did repent, the people would receive forgiveness and though their â€Å"sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow. (Isaiah 1:18). In short this chapter allows Isaiah to show the people the error of their ways and explain their need to repent. Just as the people of Judah and strayed from God’s message and become preoccupied with worldly ventures, today’s society is full of materialistic desires that can consume one’s attentions. Isaiah’s message is relevant to the contemporary reader in the sense that attending Church and participating in religious festivals is often viewed by today’s society as adequate in affirming one’s faith. However, it is the living out of God’s message daily that pleases God, such as helping others without the expectation of thanks, having an open mind and keeping true to your Christian values, especially when it is most difficult. In Chapter 6 Isaiah reveals how he was called to his ministry through a vivid vision of God. As this is the point when Isaiah is sent by God, his mission is clearly stated; that he must go to the people and make them understand God’s message so that they could â€Å"convert and be healed† (Isaiah 6:10). What is significant about this chapter is the tone of awe and wonder with which Isaiah speaks of God. This vision was sufficient to sustain him through the rest of his ministry, even when the people repeatedly refused to listen, as God knew they would. The strength of Isaiah’s faith should provide inspiration to any reader, contemporary or otherwise. Indeed this passage has inspired the prayer â€Å"Holy, Holy, Holy Lord† and hymn â€Å"Here I am Lord† for this very reason. As in chapter one, this chapter re-iterates the warning that judgement day will come and those who have not repented shall be punished. This passage further prophesises that there will be â€Å"a great forsaking in the midst of the land† but that â€Å"it [the people] shall return† (Isaiah 6:12-13). This refers to half a century the people would spend in exile before returning to Jerusalem late into the 5th Century BC. Today, due to technological and scientific advancements it has become more and more difficult to impress us as a society, but here Isaiah’s awe at the presence of God should remind us of the awesome power that one can barely begin to fathom. This teaching reminds one that it is not necessary to see to believe but that one should keep an open mind and heart to receive God’s message. What is more, just as when Isaiah was called he answered by taking action, today’s society is called too and each individuals actions can contribute to the attainment of a common goal, whether that be ending world poverty, caring for the environment or achieving world peace. Chapter 41, whilst allegedly from a different author continues Isaiah’s message with a noticeable change in tone. This can largely be attributed to the fact that at the time, the people of Jerusalem were in exile and thus the tone is one of comfort and reassurance. The God portrayed in this passage one of compassion and mercy, as the people are assured that â€Å"I have chosen thee and not cast thee away† (Isaiah 41:9). The people are given hope as Isaiah tells them that God knows the future will bode well for the Israelites; â€Å"Fear thy not†¦ for I am thy God: I will strengthen thee. † (Isaiah 41:10) This chapter also foretells the coming of the hero Cyrus who would free the Israelites by defeating Babylon. Today the contemporary reader can gain a sense of reassurance from this text that it is never too late to turn back to God and that regardless of past sins; true repentance will allow one to experience the saving mercy of God. What is more it teaches us that God knows what is to come and we must have faith to trust in him, even if sometimes it is difficult to understand how his mercy works. Regardless of arguments over the contributions of authors other than Isaiah to the writing of this book, I believe the message of Isaiah’s teachings (which are constant throughout the book) can be of value to contemporary readers. In fact the large time-span covered by the writings can only serve as advantageous as it allows us to see a people who in a time of relative peace had strayed from God’s message distracted by materialistic desires, then a people punished and in despair, but in the end a people with a hopeful future. This range of situations allows us to see God’s work from various angles, whilst the message of his saving mercy remains ever-prevailing. Such a message will remain of value to Christians throughout the centuries.

An Analysis of the Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Kite Runner Essay An analysis of The Kite Runner â€Å"For you, a thousand times over† Made by Hasnen Ali Introduction The Kite Runner is an extraordinary book, which reminds us how long the Afghani people have been struggling to triumph over the forces of violence. Because of the books strong story, we get an insight in how people might have experienced the crisis in Kabul, even though it’s been shown through a book. The author Khaled Hosseini was a practicing physician until after the book’s release. This was also his first novel, which was released in 2003 and turned out to be an international bestseller. Even though the story of The Kite Runner is fictional, it’s based on a true story and also on Hosseini’s memories of growing up in Kabul. This also means that the genre of the book is not a fictional novel (many look at it that way), but an historical novel. According to an article in USA Today, The Kite Runner has sold over 1. 4 million copies, which is a phenomenal sale for a first time author. The story tells of a friendship between two boys growing up in Kabul. Even though they were raised in the same household, Amir and Hassan are from two â€Å"different worlds†. While Amir is the son of a wealthy and respected man (Baba), Hassan is the son of the family servant (Ali). The most important factor in the story is the relationship between Amir and Hassan. Their intertwined lives and fate, shows that throughout the story even though, when their relationship was inseparable in the start. They still manage to become separated through jealousy. Five years later, during the Soviet occupation, Amir and Baba are forced to flee. They spend their new lives in California, and Amir starts a career as an author. Even though Amir thinks that he has escaped his past. He still cannot leave the memory of Hassan behind him. Setting The story uses two main settings. One is Afghanistan and the other is California. We could also say that the story is divided into three sections: the memories of pre-conflict Afghanistan, adjusting to life in America, and returning to Taliban controlled Afghanistan. There is big difference between these places. While Afghanistan used to be a safe and peaceful nation, their reputation completely changed after Taliban started controlling the country. The country is also portrayed as a demolished and deserted place, while California is shown as a way to escape their problems in Afghanistan. California will always be a much safer place to live, for both Amir and Baba, but Baba still misses Afghanistan, since he used to be wealthy and respected. He misses Kabul because in California, he is completely the opposite. He works at a gas station for many hours, and through the book we can feel that he misses almost everything about his previous home. It’s important to understand their struggle to adapt to their new home, because it shows how different Afghanistan is from California, and we also get a better understanding of the story. Structure and characters The Kite Runner starts with a nameless narrator, talking about his past and how it’s been affecting him for the last twenty-six years. The narrator also gives us clues to what might happen, and the troubles that will arise. After going through a few chapters, we get to know the main characters better and their problems. The characters that we first meet are Amir and Hassan. Amir is the narrator and the main character throughout the story. He is an Afghan man with a special childhood. Through most of his life Amir tries to redeem his reputation in the eyes of his father as he felt he was responsible for his mother’s death. He also wants to prove to his father that he isn’t a weakling, and want to become more like Hassan. Hassan is Amir’s best friend during his childhood and he is also his servant. Hassan is known for his loyalty and strong attachment to Amir. Later in the story, it’s revealed that Hassan is Amir’s brother. This means that Amir’s father had an affair with Ali’s wife, and that Hassan is actually his son. Hassan was also known for begin the best kite runner in Kabul. Baba is a wealthy and respected man, but becomes poor after he flees to America. His relationship with Amir is very turbulent, and he wants Amir to become like Hassan, strong and brave. Ali is Hassan’s father and Baba’s best friend. He is a Hazara, but he got the same characteristics as his son. Ali grew up together with Baba, just as Hassan and Amir did. He got a handicap as well; even though it doesn’t stop him from begin a loyal servant. Rahim Khan is Baba’s closest friend and one of the few people who know that Hassan is Amir’s brother. He is the one that calls Amir to go back to Afghanistan. Assef is a bully and is responsible for the rape of Hassan. This guy is also a fan of Hitler, which clearly makes him a sociopath. When he becomes an adult, he also joins the Taliban. He also has hatred towards the Hazara people, and likes to discriminate them. Soraya is Amir’s wife and has troublesome past. She also takes care of Baba, when he is sick and adopts Shorab without doubts. Sohrab is Hassan’s son. He also plays a major part in the book. Assef enslaves him after he is taken from the orphanage. Since Amir is the main character in the book, he also develops most of all the characters. We notice first that he slowly turns against Hassan, his anger and jealousy grows in one direction, even though Hassan doesn’t do anything wrong. The rape of Hassan is really an event that further separates their relationship. Since there is so much drama in this book, it doesn’t end yet. When the Soviet invades Afghanistan, Amir’s family flees to another country, unaware that they lose most of their wealth. For the first time they get a taste of how it is to be poor. Later in the book Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan and returns to Afghanistan. He finds out about Hassan’s son Sohrab, and is determined to bring him back home to America. Before he could save Sohrab, he had to face Assef. Getting beaten by Assef and saving Sohrab could be seen as a final way to redeem himself. This also made his guilt disappear. Themes and tones In this story, there are a lot of different themes we could discuss like example: bullying, friendship, guilt, betrayal, kite, honor, redemption, father and son relationship, man’s inhumanity to man, discrimination and loyalty. There is a lot of ethnic discrimination in Afghanistan and especially the conflict between the Pashtuns and the Hazara. The relationship between Pashtuns and Hazaras has never been stable; because Pashtuns are mostly Sunni Muslims and the Hazara are Shia Muslim. The Hazara has been discriminated mostly because of their faith, language and facial appearance. In the book Ali is loyal to Baba, because Baba’s father adopted Ali after his parents died. Since then Baba has always followed his father’s example and always been kind to the Hazara people. Guilt is also another theme that is brought up. After the rape of Hassan, Amir cannot bear to be around Hassan, because it reminds him of that day. He even lies to Ali, and says that nothing happened. The problem with Hassan is that he takes the blame for everything and he doesn’t want to hurt Amir. Even when Amir tells Hassan to hit him with the pomegranate, he refuses. When Hassan smashes the pomegranate on his own forehead, Amir’s guilt becomes even worse. In the end Amir makes Hassan and his father leave, and Hassan still considers Amir his best friend. The story is written in a way that it still affects you after your done reading. Even though it’s a dark story with a lot of hopelessness for the people in Afghanistan, there still is some hope and happiness. Honor is expressed in many different ways, but the quote â€Å"for you, a thousand times over† is a great example of how they express theirself. Conclusion The kite is a theme in the book that represents freedom, even though you’re not in fully in control of the kite’s fate. I think the theme describes the fate of Amir and how he develops throughout the book To me the story as said earlier is a historical novel, and not a fictional novel. This is because it’s based on a true story and experiences Hosseini had when he was growing up in Kabul. I as writer of this analysis is a Hazara, and I know what kind of suffering the Hazara people have went through. Sometimes I think that Hosseini might be Amir, but they sure do have some similarities. Links: * http://www. usatoday. com/life/books/news/2005-04-18-kite-runner_x. htm * http://www. gradesaver. com/the-kite-runner/study-guide/ * http://www. wikisummaries. org/The_Kite_Runner * http://polsci167. blogspot. com/2011/09/kite-runner-redemption-within-tentative. html

Impact Magnum Has Had On Photography Photography Essay

Impact Magnum Has Had On Photography Photography Essay Magnum Agency was created in the 1947 just after Second World War .Agency was formed by photographers themselves Henri Cartier Bresson, Robert Capa, George Rodger and David Chim Seymour. They created Magnum to show their independence as photographers but also as a people who highlighted not only what was seen but the way one sees it. After the destruction to the world as a consequence of the War they were scared but full of believes that the world survived and that is still more to be explored out there (Magnum in motion website). Furthermore the history of documentary photography show us the most accurate records of events that we have in the past and the documentary photography was used to capture almost everything such as terrorism and war, world events right to documenting peoples lives. Early stage of documentary photography focused on urban settings, industry and often artist used photography as a tool for social reform. For example Walker Evans and Dorothea Lange created images for Farm Security Administration (FSA) who documented workers and their lives in America and also how the depression had an impact on them. Lewis Hine exposed horrors of child labour, homelessness and immorality. These photographs helped to pass the Child Labour Law in America. In addition a lot of images produced during World War II were captured by Magnum photographers. Magnum ability of storytelling and to work in series drew a line between documentary photography and photojournalism. Often attached with a moral position on th e artist who belief to show the viewer the best understanding of his subjects live. Altogether this kind of photo essay or series of images are more powerful to conveying the message then the single image. Sebastiao Salgado probably the best documentary photographer joined Magnum agency in 1994 creating artistic meaningful documents of cultures, world issues and places that would be better remember before human take their action. Salgado has earned his high reputation from his black and white photographs of places and people from all over the world. His work is about showing the world the war effects, poverty, disease and famine. His work was evidence what was happening on our planet. However the Martin Parr photographs strongly contrasts from work of Salgado. Parr humorous images document contemporary society, for example the image of the tourist in Mexico show us a woman in pink shirt taking a picture of something that we cannot see. Martin Parr takes the over dressed tourist one step up. The woman is a contemporary simple person who aimed her camera the wrong way. Ancient pyramid full of cultural and historical significance becomes an excuse just to be there. Parr demonstrate lack t o cultural values and intellectual pursuits. Also he contrasts form, colour and scale of the woman on the washout stone pyramid to depict society little interests and intellectual curiosity. In 1938 the British magazine Picture Post announced Robert Capa the greatest war photographer in the world, mostly based on his photojournalistic work in the Spanish Civil War and on the war in China. Capas photography is all about being there, close, telling a story about events he witnessed. It was him who made blurred, visceral images of the D-Day invasion that became its symbols. (Magnum Stories, p.67-73). On the other hand Henri Crtier Bresson had a different point of view ,interested in finding a visual agreement that he later called the organic coordination of the elements seeing by the eye'(In Our Time: The World as Seen by Magnum Photographers).His photographs mostly emphasized the complexity of whole piece seeing itself and often avoiding a narrative. Furthermore he was creating a broad essay concerned with a countrys past and present during a period of rapid social change. Also he was fascinated by Gandhi and India. Bresson written notes about Gandhi dead and they reveal a narrative writer, eloquently involved with negotiating the issues of Indias society and history. Even though he was denying his interest in the formulas of photojournalism Bresson was nevertheless engaged with what the photo story involved (Magnum Stories, p.74-75). Today people love snapshots in USA alone we take 7 billion images a year but it is a sad fact that in most of them people are photographing each other. In a way we submit to anonymity for example names of builders of Notre Dame or the Cologne Dom were lost in that age of faith. However the 21th century is exact opposite because we are possessed by overweening sense of self. Every moment is captured and posted in albums, every wedding are choreographed and videotaped for future generations. Another rising distinction between a picnic shoot and a great photograph is not subtle. You can look at the image and stay passive while art photograph engages you and force your instincts to participate. Photographers often deal with harsh, ironical material thats why sometimes their scepticism is shown in their work. Nevertheless we were and we will be enriched by their vision, by the strength of the world that they stalked, searching for decisive moments. Some photographers adapted techniques fr om great Magnum artists and using them today. Although documentary photography today does not trying to improve the situation of people or help resolve problems is just trying to get best shot and it is nothing else behind while 60 years ago it was life changing profession. Today photojournalists barely are present at the events they cover. The function changed from realism to consequence. Also what we seeing today for example in war photography is meant to show us the impact of war not its devices. I would point out that days of war photographer are long gone because nowadays photojournalists are fulfil with their own imagination of telling a story for less than a large conflict or issues. Images move from one category to another over period of time for example press photography of crime in the 1940s has moved to the art books and museum, as also Dorothea Langes documentary photographs of migrants in depression era and Robert Capa war images. Therefore all that definitions are just the schematic and act as a help for descriptions. I believe that documentary photography emphasizes in depth ongoing story on the long term basis. Documentary projects often lasts for years and focus on social issues rather than news. Again documentary is mostly assumed to be subjective because photographer has a point of view on what he is about to photograph. Not only had that it also believed to be honest reporting from witnessed event. As Henri Cartier Bresson said as far as I am concerned, taking photographs is a means of understanding which cannot be separated from each other means of visual expression. It is a way of shouting, of freeing oneself, not of proving or asserting ones own o riginality. It is a way of life (Masters of Photography Aperture, p.8). Other, art photography is more about creating and expressing personal points of view which is done to be sold or hang in galleries. Nevertheless some of its art may deal with issues but they are usually already covered by photojournalism and documentary, such as famine and war. At the end of the day of course all photography is an interpretation of what is in front of the lens. Summarising, for todays generation of young photographers there is much more complex awareness to what is or is not possible to explain. Today, if you pictures arent good enough you might be too close then not close enough, as Capa said (Time article, 2002). All those years Magnum promoted abstracted generalized narratives about human condition and their photographs often aim to the almost iconic status to represent themes about humanity. Magnum and its members had a political impact; they were interested how they can use their cameras to examine political and social issues. They showed examples of suffering and human dignity, brutality of war and photographer braveness in witnessing. This raises an important thought of what can be learn from images is still important and Susan Sontag wrote in her essays that The knowledge gained through still photograph will be some kind of sentimentalism, knowledge at bargain prices a semblance of knowledge and wisdom(On Photography,p.23-24). Today we are still learning how world changed since Capa found Magnum. From its beginnings which truly marked the advent of photojournalism legendary figures like Bresson and Capa aimed to record the truest and most essential stories, moods of our time. The drama of war and despair in Eastern Europe, the wounded and the dead in brush fire wars around the world. Finally, the greatest change over taking stills images is an introduction to computer technology which allows to generate imagery that appears to be as realistic as photograph, without using a camera.

Cannibals and Vampires in Aeschylus and ONeill :: Biography Biographies Essays

Cannibals and Vampires in Aeschylus and O'Neill    Aeschylus and Eugene O'Neill have populated their trilogies with cannibals and vampires. Family members feed off one another both literally and figuratively. For the houses of both Agamemnon and Ezra Mannon, this bloodlust is insatiable and inherited, an inescapable curse. A family curse provides the dramatic force necessary to push characters toward pivotal actions and events. At the conclusion of both trilogies the curse is finally broken (or at the very least supplanted). While O'Neill and Aeschylus articulate the destructive and violent effects of the curse in similar terms, each playwright breaks the curse to achieve distinctly different thematic goals. The curse is described and decentered in order to be critiqued.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both families attempt to consume themselves. A desire for revenge, to enforce a personal code of justice, carries the family curse from generation to generation. The house of Agamemnon is virtually born out of cannibalism. Tantalus, the founder of the house, is tormented eternally in Hades for feeding the gods the flesh of his sons Pelops. Much later, Agamemnon himself is held accountable for his father's cannibalism by Aegisthus. Aegisthus' desire for revenge is overshadowed only by Clytemnestra's thirst for her husband's blood. She speaks of his corpse as a sacrificial animal and likens his blood to wine. Compelled by Apollo, Orestes also carries the curse. He was fed by his mother's milk as a child but now he will only be satisfied with his mother's flesh. Only Orestes and Electra survive.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Mannon family implodes, leaving only one survivor, Lavinia. The Mannon's self destructive hunger has a sexual tension absent in the Greek trilogy. This incestuous obsession reiterates the self perpetuating nature of their legacy of hatred and violence. They too feed off each others' suffering, yet there is an almost symbiotic need for each member to survive. More like vampires than cannibals, they drain their victims slowly over time. However, no Mannon thrives from this practice. As the action of the play unfolds Ezra and Christine are drained and cast aside. Their deaths, coupled with Orin's death which follows, bring greater suffering to Lavinia not release from responsibility as she might have hoped. Like Orestes she is both an agent and a victim of her family's curse.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though achieved by different methods, judgment is passed in each play. The family curse will not claim another generation.

Essay --

â€Å"The Holocaust is not a tragedy of the Jewish people, it is a failure of humanity as a whole†(Moshe Katsav). During the time of the Holocaust over six million people were killed, most people overlook the children’s fraction of those deaths. Over one million five thousand Jewish children, gypsy children, and handicapped children were killed. Only a small percent of children survived the holocaust. The children who survived the Holocaust had to experience life in hiding, life in concentration camps, and life in the ghettos. There were quite a few children that went into hiding during the holocaust.Some of the children hid by fleeing to another country or getting false identities. Some of the children that hid were searched for, and fairly often found others had a better chance of survival depending on the what they knew. If a child was too young to know when to be quiet then they had a greater chance of being found than older children who knew when to be quiet. Children who were hidden in rural areas were hidden in barns, chicken coops, and forest huts. Children who were hidden in suburb areas were hidden in attics, cellars, behind walls, and in or behind cabinets. Some had to sit/stand motionless for hours at a time (â€Å"Jewish Victims of the Holocaust†, â€Å"Hidden Children†). Too much noise would alert neighbors and cause suspicion. Another way of survival was fleeing to another country. Britain started relocating Jewish children under the age of seventeen, this was called the Kinde rtransport. This began in December 1938 and ended September 1, 1939, two days before Britain entered World War II (Fitzgerald, Stephanie). During this time over ten thousand children traveled of Germany, Austria, Poland and Czechoslovakia. Some children had ... ...d to catch the Nazi’s eyes. Nazis would go to these peoples houses and tell them that their family member was getting the latest treatment, or maybe even a cure. This was in fact not true, they were being sent to Auschwitz to be experimented on, most of these children never returned home (projetaladin.org). The Holocaust was a dreadful time in history. Over six million jews were murdered, over one and a half million being children. The children during this time had to experience life in hiding, life in concentration camps, or life in the ghetto. Some children had to experience all three. The Jews are an example to people all across the world today, since the Holocaust happened we know not to repeat it. â€Å"If we bear all this suffering and if there are still Jews left, when it is over, then jews, instead of being doomed, will be held up as an example† (Anne Frank).

How to Lose Weight Rough Draft Essay

In this essay I will discuss the different ways there are of losing weight. For some it may be simple excersize and for others they may need more help then just excersize. We will go over the different ways that your body works to metabolize what your eating so that your body will help you to lose that weight. The process of losing weight can be a hard one, but if you choose the right one it can be easy. There are lots of options. Body: There are lots of options for losing weight but first I want to talk about metabolism first. Metabolism is what processes your food at a certain speed. If you have a high metabolism youll find that your food will process at a very fast rate and youll be using the restroom pretty quick right after you eat. Metabolism also plays a big part in your figure also. If you eat nothing but greasy fattening food then your metabolism will have issues keeping up. So in order for your metabolism to be where you want it you have to stay fit and eat correctly. The next thing I want to talk about is dietary pills. These can help if used correctly. Some people think they can take them without having to do any excersize or eating right. For some diet pills this is correct but others no. Its always important to keep your health in general up by eating the correct food and keeping yourself physically fit. There is also the danger of taking too many or not eating with them. If you take too many then you have the risk of possibly overdosing and your body becoming intolerant to them. And if you don’t eat with them in your system then you come up with the risk of malnutrition. So I would suggest that anyone who takes them only takes the amound suggested on the bottle. Ok now were going to go to dietary foods. This is important for any sort of situation you decide to diet with. If you don’t use dietary food then you probably shouldn’t diet. Because your body has to become fit all over again. To become fit it has to ingest nutrients and vitamins that fruits, vegtables and meats carry. The last and final subject I want to cover is surgery as a possible resource. They have different surgeries that can help in a lot of different situations. If your dieting and excersizing and trying everything possible and you still cant lose weight then I would suggest the surgery. There are little health risks from it and it Ive heard that the lap band surgery has had amazing results. Conclusion: These are the options that I have researched for How to lose weight. The options that I have researched are diet pills, excersizing, eating healthy and surgeries. With these options anyone can become a healthier person.

Umok

Evil Through Imagery It has been said for a long time that the only thing to fear is fear itself. It is easy to see that the boys become subject to their own illogical fears. In Lord of the Flies, by William Gilding, Imagery Is used to describe the Island and the characters themselves In dark and mysterious ways. Imagery Is also used as a way for the boys to create the beast and make it external as well as internal. There are several instances in the novel where people are described using ominous language. When Jack and his choir are seen for the first time they are scribed as a ;creature†¦ Room throat to ankle, hidden by black cloaks† (19). The choir's first Impression suggests that their purpose In the novel Is antagonistic In nature. Gilding's imagery automatically Identifies the characters In story that are associated with the more evil aspects of human nature such as fear and violence. Later in the novel, it seems that the older boys only become worse, with fear growi ng in them like an uncontrollable weed. It is noticeable when Jack starts disguising himself â€Å"[looking] in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger†¦ He face of red and white and black† (63-64).In his slow submission to fear, Jack Is becoming another person entirely from the boy who Initially crashed on the island and It Is shown literally here by him painting his face and changing his identity. The fear created on the island, in the form of the beast, is exposing Jack for what he really is, which is demonic and wicked in nature. Gilding uses imagery often to describe the malicious intent of characters throughout the novel, but he does not only describe characters in this way. The island on which the boys are stranded on Is meticulously described in the kook and most of the words used to Illustrate It are grim at best.When Gilding describes where Piggy and Ralph first find themselves, he describes the ground as â€Å"covered with coarse grass, torn everywhere by upheavals of fallen trees, scattered with decaying coconuts and palm saplings. Behind this was the darkness of the forest proper and the open space of the scar. † (9-10). Already, the island, though it has done no wrong, is becoming a canvas on which Gilding can paint his picture of doom and despair. Small things, such as this, are described assiduously through the inure novel.This Is used to give perspective and show cause to why the boys do what they do, among a variety of other things, the boys are reacting to their environment which is portrayed with no less than a vulgar light. When the boys go on their first expedition, which results in them pushing a boulder over, â€Å"the forest further down shook as with the passage of an enraged monster† (28). Gilding describes the devastation of the forest like this with a purpose, he is alluding to the fear that later controls the boys, or the beast. The disturbance of the peace from the the scar.Simple i tems on the island are portrayed much more villainous than they actually are for the purpose of showing what the boys have done to the island by corrupting it's innocence and peace with their naturally wicked human nature. The author makes use of both the image of characters and the setting of the island to show that humanity can turn anything into something foul, even a beautiful and untouched island. The imagery does not stop with the island and the characters, it also creates the very beast which leads to some of the characters downfall. When the twins first see he horrible beast they describe it as â€Å"furry.There was something moving behind its head-?wings. The beast moved too-? That was awful. It kind of sat up†¦ There were eyes-? Teeth-? Claws-?† (100). At this point in the novel, rational thinking has become scarce and is only really found in Piggy and Simon. Sam and Eric truly believe in what they saw and their grisly description only acts as a catalyst for th e other boys descent into madness from the fear. Since Simon is not effected by the illusion of the beast, he understands that the beast is not real but the Lord of the Flies corrects him â€Å"Fancy hinging that the Beast was something you could hunt and kill!†¦You knew didn't you? † (143-144). Gilding's imagery brought to life a character that is really Just the embodiment of the horror and destructiveness in the boys, revealing what the authors true beliefs about human nature are. Though, he does not seem to think that man kind is entirely uncontrollable. Simon is used as a beacon of hope and good intention. Simony's death is also very unique, using light imagery to state how Simon was the only light in the darkness all along. Towards the end of the novel, the beast comes very real, more than Just a figment of the boys wildest and darkest fears.In conclusion, imagery describes human kind's nature through the characters, the island, and of course the beast or fear in t he boys. The scary images used in the novel make it very easy to see why the boys went against each other in the end, proving that humanity is it's own worst enemy. Overall, the author's opinion about human nature influenced every facet of the novel and how it was written, but of course the most obvious expression of Gilding's opinion is seen in the imagery.

Oral Feeding Readiness Preterm Infants Health And Social Care Essay

What is meant by â€Å" unwritten eating preparedness in preterm babies? † This peculiar construct is frequently elusive, contextual, subjective and really complex when used with the preterm population of babies. It has besides been a subject of involvement for many old ages within the scene of the neonatal intensive attention unit ( NICU ) . The ability of a preterm baby to entirely unwritten provender is non merely a mark of competent unwritten eating accomplishments but is a necessary criterion for discharge preparedness from the NICU ( McGrath & A ; Braescu, 2004 ) . For nurses in the NICU the ability to orally feed a preterm baby is a many-sided undertaking necessitating successful attainment of a battalion of accomplishments: the proficiently to measure preterm baby eating accomplishments, clinical proficiency at preterm baby eating and proficiency in finding unwritten eating preparedness. On the other manus, the ability to orally feed is a complex undertaking for the preterm baby in the NICU every bit good. Questions often arise in the clinical sphere related to unwritten feeding preparedness of the preterm baby including those of physiologic adulthood, motor and province stableness, and the baby ‘s capableness of interactions with the environment and health professionals. All of these factors contribute to the underlying conceptual inquiry: should oral eatings be attempted? In embarking to reply this inquiry, a figure of instruments have been developed over the old ages to mensurate unwritten feeding preparedness of preterm babies in the NICU scene. Most of these instruments refer to the conceptual facet of unwritten feeding preparedness without specific usage of any theory as a footing for formal instrumentality. However, each of these tools was designed to help in supplying a clearer apprehension of the indispensable elements of unwritten feeding preparedness in the preterm baby as they apply to daily eating patterns. By integrating unwritten eating preparedness into NICU nursing pattern, intercessions that are grounds based can back up day-to-day nursing intercessions and will finally ensue in results that support infant good being and preparedness for discharge to place. Description of Instruments The unwritten eating preparedness tools being described were identified by seeking the PubMed, Ovid Medline and CINHAL databases for articles written in English and published between 1980 and 2011. The keywords used for the hunt were unwritten eating, preparedness, preterm, preterm eating measuring, feeding assessment tool and feeding instrument. The footings were used separately and in combinations. Electronic hunts produced three eating tools for preterm newborns related to bottle eating as the primary method of unwritten eating: the Early Feeding Skills Assessment ( EFS ) ( Thoyre, Shaker & A ; Pridham, 2005 ) , the Neonatal Oral-Motor Assessment Scale ( NOMAS ) ( Braun & A ; Palmer, 1986 ) , and the Oral Feeding Skills in Preterm Infants ( OFS ) ( Lau & A ; Smith, 2011 ) .The Early Feeding Skills Assessment for Preterm InfantsTheoretical Underpinnings The Early Feeding Skills Assessment ( EFS ) for preterm babies is a checklist for profiling a preterm baby ‘s developmental phase sing specific feeding accomplishments. It has been described as an â€Å" evidence-referenced tool † ( Sheppard & A ; Fletcher, 2007, p. 206 ) for detecting unwritten eatings by chest or bottle. Items on the checklist refer to theoretical facets of unwritten feeding preparedness: unwritten eating preparedness, ability to stay occupied in feeding, ability to organize swallowing and external respiration, ability to form unwritten motor operation, ability to keep physiologic stableness and unwritten eating recovery ( Sheppard & A ; Fletcher, 2007 ) . There is no published information sing a connexion between a peculiar theory and the beginning or design of the EFS. Instrument Data Collection The EFS is a thirty-six point experimental measuring tool that can be used from the â€Å" induction of unwritten feeding through ripening of unwritten eating accomplishment † ( Thoyre et al. , 2005, p. 8 ) . It is divided into three subdivisions: unwritten eating preparedness, unwritten eating accomplishment, and unwritten eating recovery. The EFS is scored based on observation of an full eating with each point holding scaled picks of yes-no, never-occasionally-often, or all-most-some-none. The first subdivision is the unwritten eating preparedness subdivision. This subdivision consists of five points and assesses whether the baby has province and motor control to back up orally feeding. If all replies to the five points are yes, the baby is fed orally. If the replies are non all yes, intercessions to fix for unwritten eating can be recommended and accordingly provided. The following subdivision is the unwritten eating accomplishment subdivision. This subdivision assesses four countries felt to be critical for successful eating: the ability to stay occupied during feeding ( three points ) , the ability to form oral-motor operation ( seven points ) , the ability to organize suck-swallow-breathing ( six points ) , and the ability to keep physiologic stableness ( 11 points ) . The unwritten eating recovery subdivision is three points that are completed five proceedingss after the eating session has ended and evaluates the impact of the eating on the baby ‘s province, motor and physiologic control. The EFS besides provides an country at the terminal of the signifier for feeding forms ( e.g. , type mammilla, length and volume of feeding ) and caregiver feeding schemes ( e.g. , chin support, cheek support ) . The method of hiting is non available in any of the published articles depicting the tool, nevertheless a preparation class for usage of the EFS is offered nationally by the instrument developers. Dependability and Validity Thoyre et Al. ( 2005 ) study that content cogency of the EFS â€Å" has been established with adept neonatal nurses and unwritten eating research workers † ( p. 8 ) and that â€Å" intra- and interrater dependability have been found to be stable and acceptable † ( p. 8 ) . The instrument ‘s developers besides report that prognostic, coincident and concept cogency are presently being tested. To day of the month, no informations sing any of these facets of the EFS has been published. Related Surveies Although this instrument has been available for usage since 2005, no surveies using or measuring the unity of this instrument were located in an electronic hunt of PubMed, Ovid Medline and CINHAL databases.Neonatal Oral Motor Assessment ScaleTheoretical Underpinnings The NOMAS was designed to place and quantify neonatal non-nutritive and alimentary oral-motor sucking forms by professionals that are specifically trained to utilize this instrument as a method of quantifying an baby ‘s oral-motor accomplishments. The theoretical underpinnings are those related to infant sucking accomplishments: most feeding troubles in preterm babies are caused by immature or unequal suck-swallow-breathe coordination and direct appraisal of suction and sup can be described by agencies of assorted non-invasive, experimental steps of physiologic parametric quantities. These theoretical underpinnings are the footing for the undermentioned three premises sing instrument result measurings of the NOMAS: ( 1 ) normal suction forms are displayed by babies who display coordinated suction, sup and breathe mechanisms during alimentary and non-nutritive suction, ( 2 ) a disorganised suction form may be displayed in the presence of an baby ‘s inability to organize su ction, sup and breathe mechanisms, and ( 3 ) a dysfunctional suction form may be displayed by baby ‘s exhibiting unnatural jaw and lingua motions, as is the instance with babies diagnosed with neurologic upsets ( Costa & A ; Schans, 2007 ) . Instrument Data Collection The current NOMAS instrument consists of a 28 point checklist placing features of jaw motion and features of lingua motion which organizes a newborn ‘s oral-motor forms during alimentary sucking into one of three classs: normal, disorganized or dysfunctional. The baby ‘s suction accomplishment is assessed by a trained NOMAS perceiver for two proceedingss during non-nutritive sucking anterior to feeding and during the first five proceedingss of regular eating. The trained NOMAS perceiver does non touch the baby, but simply observes the figure of sucking motions during one sucking explosion and the continuance of intermissions between turns of sucking. Jaw and lingua motions are besides analyzed as a constituent of the checklist. Observed oral-motor forms are marked on the listed behaviours and babies are classified into normal, disorganized or dysfunctional harmonizing to the behaviours that are marked. The hiting method has been revised several times since it was foremost reported by Braun & A ; Palmer in 1985 and badness evaluations for the disorganised and dysfunctional classs were included in the revised version, nevertheless, no numerical marking method is used to day of the month ( Howe, Lin, Fu, Su & A ; Hsieh, 2008 ) . Dependability and Validity In several dependability surveies, inter-rater dependability utilizing Cronbach ‘s i was found to be 0.93-0.97 ( Case-Smith et al. , 1988 & A ; Palmer et al. , 1993 ) . Test-retest dependability was determined by Case-Smith ( 1988 ) to be 0.67 – 0.82 when used in a survey of 26 babies with feeding jobs. Construct and prognostic cogency has been supported by multiple surveies for all classs of the NOMAS ( Braun & A ; Palmer, 1985 ; Case-Smith et al. , 1989 ; Howe et al. , 2007, & A ; Palmer & A ; Heyman, 1999 ) . Related Surveies There are several documented surveies that utilize the NOMAS instrument. The three that will be described here are current surveies that have been published within the past five old ages and are relevant to the usage of NOMAS with the preterm population of babies. In the 2007 survey by Howe, Sheu, Hinojosa, Lin & A ; Holzman, the NOMAS was used to mensurate unwritten motor accomplishments in order to find factors related to bottle-feeding public presentation in preterm babies. A sum of 116 preterm babies were included in the survey and research workers found that babies who need more unwritten support during eatings and those who have disorganized oral-motor accomplishments tend to take lower volumes of eatings orally. In contrast, babies with more feeding experiences are able to take higher unwritten volumes. These findings are of import in the designation of feeding experience and feeding techniques as being built-in constituents of a preterm baby ‘s unwritten eating public presentation. In Howe, Sheu, Hsieh & A ; Hseih ‘s 2007 survey sing the psychometric features of the NOMAS in healthy preterm babies, the writers examined the dependability, cogency and reactivity of the NOMAS in healthy preterm babies as the intents of the survey. The survey consisted of 147 medically stable preterm babies. Feeding public presentations were assessed and documented by an occupational healer trained in the disposal of the NOMAS. The writers concluded that the NOMAS demonstrated acceptable degrees of cogency and reactivity in preterm babies from 32 to 35 hebdomads postmenstrual age ( PMA ) but hapless cogency for babies 36 hebdomads PMA in the normal and disorganised classs. The writers suggested farther proof research in response to the findings of this survey. In Bingham, Ashikaga & A ; Abbasi ‘s survey ( 2010 ) using the NOMAS, 51 preterm babies were evaluated for correlativity of non-nutritive sucking accomplishments with subsequent feeding public presentation. The NOMAS marking was performed by NOMAS-certified healers and NICU nurses within 72 hours of successful induction of unwritten eatings. Findingss were implicative that NOMAS hiting at the induction of unwritten eatings was non significantly associated with the accomplishment of feeding milepost results being measured in the survey including clip from induction of unwritten eatings to clip of sole unwritten eatings.Oral Feeding Skills in Preterm BabiesTheoretical Underpinnings The developers of the OFS tool identify two basic theoretical underpinnings of unwritten eating that health professionals are faced with when turn toing the determination of unwritten feeding preparedness: the ability of the baby to finish the eating safely and the appropriate rate of promotion to sole unwritten eating. They propose that the OFS tool offers an nonsubjective index of an baby ‘s ability to orally feed by combing proficiency of unwritten feeding with minimum weariness and rate of milk transportation as a contemplation of feeding accomplishment ( Lau & A ; Smith, 2011, p. 64 ) . They do non depict a peculiar theory in connexion to the beginning or design of the OFS tool. Instrument Data Collection Data aggregation for the OFS is comparatively simple and no specialised preparation is needed. Caregivers document the prescribed volume of a eating in millilitres, the volume of feeding taken orally at 5 proceedingss into the eating, the full unwritten volume that is taken and the clip in proceedingss that it takes an baby to orally feed in that peculiar eating session. Proficiency ( PRO ) is calculated as the per centum entire volume taken in the first 5 proceedingss divided by the entire prescribed volume. The rate of milk transportation ( RT ) is calculated as the volume in millilitres ( milliliter ) that is taken orally divided by the figure of proceedingss to take this volume. PRO is so used to index existent eating ability when weariness is minimum ( within the first five proceedingss of unwritten eating ) and RT is used as an index of endurance ( being affected by weariness ) . The OFS tool is divided into four degrees runing from degree one to level four. Level one is low pr oficiency and low endurance, degree two is low proficiency and high endurance, degree three is high proficiency and low endurance and degree four is high proficiency and high endurance. A PRO greater than 30 per centum is defined as high proficiency while a PRO less than 30 per centum is defined as low proficiency. An RT greater than one and a half milliliter per minute is defined as a high endurance while an RT less than one and a half milliliter per minute is defined as low endurance. Potential intercessions are recommended for unwritten eating therapy at each accomplishment degree with the end of heightening existent eating accomplishment. Dependability and Validity To day of the month, no information sing dependability or cogency of the OFS has been published. The 2011 survey by the developers did show that OFS degrees had a important positive correlativity with an baby ‘s feeding public presentation and gestational age strata ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) and had a important opposite association with yearss from the start of unwritten eatings until independent unwritten eatings ( P & lt ; 0.002 ) ( Lau & A ; Smith, 2007, p. 68 ) . Related Surveies This instrument was ab initio described in 1997, nevertheless, the prospective survey published by the developers in January 2011 was designed for the intent of utilizing the EFS as an nonsubjective tool for the appraisal of a preterm baby ‘s unwritten eating accomplishments. No other surveies using or measuring the unity of this instrument beyond the initial development were located in an electronic hunt of PubMed, Ovid Medline, and CINHAL databases. DecisionRelevance to Future StudiesEach of the instruments antecedently described has advantages and disadvantages as an instrument for measuring unwritten eating preparedness. Both the EFS and the NOMAS necessitate specialised preparation in order to be able to utilize them as a valid instrument of unwritten eating ability, whereas the OFS is a simple tool that is designed for usage by any caretaker of preterm babies having unwritten eatings. Neither the EFS nor the OFS has been used in any published clinical survey nor do they hold published dependability or cogency grounds. The NOMAS, on the other manus, has been examined more thoroughly and has multiple internal consistence, dependability and cogency surveies to back up its usage. Another concern of all three instruments is that they differ in both the designation of measureable factors that contribute to readiness for unwritten eatings and in factors lending to success at unwritten eatings, doing comparings between these instrum ents hard. One common happening when measuring each of these tools, nevertheless, is the fact that unwritten eating preparedness is a complex construct affecting a battalion of factors for consideration. Instruments to help with the measuring of this construct demand to be consistent with their theoretical underpinnings and construct analyses in order to be able to supply consistent, valid and dependable results that can be farther utilized for future research and farther construct elucidation. Well-designed surveies are needed to measure the cogency and dependability of both the EFS and the OFS as instruments of mensurating unwritten eating ability. Research workers should besides see utilizing one of these instruments in future surveies to prove the feasibleness and effectivity of intercessions that are designed to back up unwritten eating preparedness. Awareness and understanding of indispensable elements of the construct of unwritten feeding preparedness in preterm babies is necessary and w ill supply for farther elucidation of unwritten eating preparedness. It will besides take to greater consistence in the proviso of evidence-based nursing attention during feeding times for preterm babies hospitalized in the NICU.Greatest LearningThis activity was much more complex and involved than I originally thought it would be. I was cognizant of the fact that there were several instruments to mensurate unwritten eating preparedness in preterm babies, but was non cognizant of the changing theoretical underpinnings and by differences between these instruments in really mensurating unwritten eating preparedness and differences in general construct elucidation. I was besides non cognizant of the preparation involved for the usage of some of these instruments, either. The necessary preparation is non merely an added disbursal, but it adds to the trouble in being able to implement their usage in a big NICU scene such as the one I presently work in. We have a staff of 127 staff nurses who routinely orally feed babes as a constituent of clinical nursing attention. It would be really hard, every bit good as dearly-won, to develop every nurse in a sensible sum of clip without even sing turnover rates and the demand to develop new staff every bit good. A simpler instrument such as the OFS would be of greater benefit to nursing staff given current staffing tendencies and nurse to patient ratios at feeding times. I besides now realize that in order for an instrument to be able to sufficiently mensurate a construct, the construct must hold been sufficiently analyzed and the instrument must be valid and dependable as a measuring of the construct at manus every bit good as being simplistic to utilize. If this does non go on, consequences have a much higher chance of being erroneous and so the construct that is being measured merely becomes more ill-defined.

The Great Leap Forward of China

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960), economic and social plan initiated by Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), with the intent of radically increasing agricultural and industrial production in the People's Republic of China, and of bringing China to the brink of a utopian communist society. The Great Leap Forward was a reaction to the Hundred Flowers Campaign, a more moderate development program in China in 1957. In this earlier program, Mao Zedong tried to win the support of Chinese intellectuals by calling for their constructive criticism of the policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). However, such an unexpected torrent of dissatisfaction fell on party leaders that in June 1957 the CCP abandoned the Hundred Flowers plan and moved in much more radical directions, imposing strict controls on freedom of expression and dismissing or imprisoning many intellectuals. The CCP then called upon all Chinese to engage in physical labor to transform the economy, forcing over 100 million people into projects such as land reclamation and the construction of irrigation systems, which were designed to increase agricultural production. During the Leap, huge self-sufficient communes were established in the Chinese countryside, and China proclaimed that it would overtake England in the production of major products in 15 years. Chinese leaders thought that China was on the verge of establishing a Communist utopia, in which all people would work together to make China productive and totally self-sufficient. Over the next several years, production targets for communes grew continually larger, and officials competed against each other to see who could proclaim the highest yields. The CCP leadership believed the targets to be accurate and used them, rather than actual production figures, as the basis for determining taxes, which were collected in grain rather than currency. As a result, the amount of grain available to the people of China dropped almost 25 percent. Between 1959 and 1962, more than 20 million people died during a massive famine caused by this practice. In 1958, as an immediate result of the massive peasant mobilization, industrial and agricultural output increased significantly. In 1959, however, agricultural production started to fall, reaching its low in 1962, when it was only about two-thirds of the 1958 total. Industrial production gradually fell as well, but less severely, always surpassing production totals for 1957. Socially, the Leap produced great enthusiasm among most Chinese in 1958, but as it became clear that the Leap programs were not working and that people were starving, popular dissatisfaction began to grow. During 1959 party leadership tried to correct some of the problems of the Leap. But these efforts were not sufficient for the Defense Minister, Peng Dehuai (P'eng Te-huai), who in mid-1959 criticized Leap policies and argued strongly for a more moderate stance. Mao Zedong took exception to Peng's ideas and had him removed from power. Mao's harsh response to Peng's criticism essentially intimidated the party into giving up the idea of retrenchment, enabling Mao to reassert the policies of the Leap. By the middle of 1960 it became clear to party leaders that the Leap could not be sustained. Emergency measures were taken to bring the economy under control, including importing grain from the West and decentralizing the communes. Professional management, which had been attacked as counterrevolutionary during the Leap, was actively encouraged. Originally Mao Zedong went along with these policies, but he increasingly felt that they betrayed his vision of socialism. He grew suspicious of other CCP leaders, such as Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p'ing), who had advocated moderate policies. His differences with Deng and others drove Mao to launch the Cultural Revolution in 1966 to purge his perceived opponents and to try to restore his ideal of a Chinese revolution.

Affirmative Action Is Not the Solution Essays -- Affirmative Action Es

One of the arguments against affirmative action is that it injures white men and violates their rights. If were to take a closer look at the affirmative action laws, we can see why this would be true. For example, let’s take a hypothetical situation of two males, one white and another individual who happens to be a minority, both sending in college applications to Harvard to compete for admission. Unfortunately, the university only has one available spot and must decide between the white individual and the minority. The white male has slightly better grades and quite a few more volunteer hours, while both of them excelled in sports and completed two foreign languages. Under the current affirmative action policies, the minority would probably get the final position because of the perceived need for ethnic diversity in the college atmosphere, despite the fact that he did not have the stronger academic credentials. Would this be considered just? In this case not only would affirm ative action be serving an injustice to the white individual, but it would also help create a loophole by indirectly establishing a legal form of discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The counterpoint to this argument is that although affirmative action creates a larger obstacle for white men to achieve, such measures are necessary in order to break the cycle of de facto employment and school discrimination. However, this does not seem to be a valid counterpoint. If we take a look at another hypothetical situation we can see why it is not † However, this argument is not compelling, as the best way to increase productivity and improve the economy is to hire on merit. Hiring based on something other than objective merit may result in economic inefficiency and a less qualified staff. If minorities have a qualified resume and are available, they will meet the criteria of the employer. Once again, it is more effective to treat the disease itself, rather than to stoop down to the same level and discriminate to treat the symptoms. In athletics, for example, in spite of past discrimination blacks have excelled, not because standards were lowered but because barriers were eliminated. Now more than ever blacks comprise the largest ethnic group in professional sports and have come to dominate some of the most lucrative sports such as football and basketball, and are now using their earned social capital to give back to their communities to help others along the way. This is a prime example of how minorities can be helped without lowering the standard by which others are also measured by. To improve our standards as a whole, we must remove the ball and chain on minorities, rather than adding a heavier ball and chain on whites.

Peer Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Peer Review - Essay Example Thus three are three broader hypotheses also under which authors attempt to provide a comprehensive view of how the individuals perceive adult development based on their sociological tradition dealing, desirability of the expected change and how it contributes towards development and finally the knowledge that adults hold of the overall development process. The sampling methods adapted were selective sampling method as according to author, the bias towards sampling was necessary. This was necessarily done in order to sample only those respondents who possess the rich vocabulary to describe their beliefs in more eloquent manner. This method therefore allowed researcher to tap the young and educated respondents however, the overall differences in ratings on vocabulary are reported to be minimal within the respondents belonging to different age groups. The overall procedures adapted to gather the data involved mix of the techniques adapted by the researcher. This included oral as well as other means of collecting data under the supervised guidance of the author. Respondents were asked certain questions for rating purposes and the overall results were than analyzed by the authors in order to arrive at a final conclusion. What is also significant to understand that respondents were asked about the different sets of questions within a certain time period i.e. there was two weeks gap between the first and the second session for data gathering by the author. On both the occasions, the procedure was same i.e. respondents were asked to rate certain adjectives in order to understand their perception about the development psychology and underlying hypothesis. The results indicate that there was consensus among the various age group representatives regarding the overall process of adult development. Most of the respondents believed that the

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Microeconomics - Essay Example If a consumer does not have a utility for the good that he or she values at least the same as P1, then the consumer will choose not to purchase that good; i.e., that good is never rationed to that particular consumer or buyer. Rationing by price automatically guarantee that a good will only be purchased by a buyers who value it the most (Prusty, 72-74). If a good was to increase in its price, then buyers or consumers would re-evaluate their utility of the good and so abolish those uses with values which are not at least equivalent to the new, higher price of a good. The second role of price; allocating or sometimes known as signaling, relates to the producers and also resource owners. A higher price of say good X is, in most cases, a signal that the market needs extra output of X and so producers are offered an incentive so as to hire more resources to make X (Samuelson & William, 89-91). Similarly, a lower price for the good X will gesture them to dedicate fewer resources in the production of X. Consequently, in their search for earnings, producers will always respond to changing prices by either decreasing or increasing production as necessary. The demand for any product or service refers to the quantity that buyers or consumers will be willing and ready to buy at any given price. The supply of goods refers to the quantity which suppliers will be ready and willing to transport to the market at any given prices. An increase in demand for a particular service or product tends to exercise an upward pressure on price. That is, whenever the price of a good increases the corresponding quantity that consumer are willing to buy has also increased. Therefore, a decrease in demand means that the price of that good was lowered at some point in time. However, if producers act in response by supplying extra to the market this might then

Analysis the case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analysis the case - Essay Example He allegedly accused of sexually harassing his female employees. These cases were settled even before taken to trials. His dressing in the factory (underpants and a thong) clearly defines the dress codes of any offices. His reputation relished as pervert and a libertine. Thus, it is clear that the company has some problems. The companys structure is an integrated corporation whereby the company has integrated with other companies in terms of manufacturing, distribution, and retail of their products. It has integrated with companies such as Jie He Sona Martirosian Christina L Oregano Oguzhan Iskenderoglu Channon Chiu NYU MS. These integrations help with the international growth of the products and hence greater profits. The company also uses the integration on marketing of their products. The company integrates with companies in different countries, and they open up stores in those countries for the sale of their products. The integration strategy is often regarded as non-profitable t hough the cost sharing is indisputable, and so are the profits. Though the integration strategy run by the main command in Los Angeles, It is quite hard monitoring the activities and keeping trends of the company. Mr. Carney should a new company and marketing strategy, like the centralized strategy. The company individually develops itself internationally without integrating with any other company. Marketing, advertising, and marketing should be run under one central power (Los Angeles Company). That will be more profitable apart from the lack of cost sharing, and also, full benefits on profits. The company shall also be able to assess its fails and success without blaming it on external parties. It should also adopt Continuing infrastructure investments that will be essential towards growth support. That will inconclusive of expenditures for new buildings and stores, machinery, tools, and equipment, upgrade manufacturing forms and additions

Negative Stance on Usage of Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negative Stance on Usage of Animals - Essay Example The first problem that is associated with conducting medical tests and research on animals is that animals and human beings are different from each other and the reliability of tests conducted on animals decreases for human beings due to their physical and emotional differences (Hill 31). Animals such as mice are weaker than human beings, they do not have strong bones like human beings, and thus the impact of a particular chemical on mice may be much worse than it may impact human beings and what might suit a particular individual may not suit mice. The second problem associated with using animals for research is that by giving importance to human interests, researchers may be violating animal rights. Animals and human being are both living things and no single living thing should suffer pain for the benefit of another living thing. The extent of suffering that is experienced by animals is very high, they are treated in an inhumane manner and are not given as much respect as other li ving things such as humans during tests. Animals cannot speak up or exhibit experience of pain as human beings do; this does not necessarily mean that they cannot feel pain. The third issue with the usage of animals for the purpose of conducting research and tests in order to benefit human beings is that this act is unethical. Those in the favor of this act use the ethical problem-solving method of utilitarianism to support the act. They believe that using animals for research purposes has more benefits to offer to the society and the costs associated with the act are near to zero. The benefit that is obtained by using animals for research purpose is that treatments are developed which help in maintaining and achieving wellbeing of human beings.  

Assesment paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assesment paper - Essay Example They are supposed to uphold the ethics and principles of good governance. In principle, the politicians, being public figures, are supposed to lead exemplary lives, without being influenced by any vested interests. The corporate houses too are required to operate their businesses in such a way that the no harm is done to the society, to the environment and the polity of the nation/s. With the emergence of globalisation, the concepts like 'corporate governance' have emerged for managing the businesses more effectively. Media in general and electronics media in particular, too plays a very important role in telling the people about the values, ideas, opinions and culture of any political party and organisation. Therefore, now there is an exponential increase in the reliance on the broadcast media for political campaigns. This has proved to have a powerful role in making or breaking the chances of any political party. Opinion builders are entrusted with the task of spreading good words about the candidate (often this is termed as planting stories). In addition, candidates take up extensive tours to meet as many people as possible. All such exercises require good amount of money and hence the need for arranging funds. While it is true that businesses are supposed to work within the framework of rules and guidelines formulated by the political bosses, it is now an accepted fact that politics too cannot survive without a 'big' helping hand from businesses. But companies are placed in an unenviable position of being labeled as sympathizer to one particulars party or candidate if they support one at the cost of the other. Just in case the results are different, then there's a threat of retaliation. During earlier times, politicians used to get finances from some big companies, in a hush-hush manner so that their political affiliations are not divulged. This trend continued for quite a while, but gradually started resulted in arm-twisting tactics on the part of both politicians as well as corporate houses. This led to the debate of bringing in more transparency in matters relating to political campaign finances. Such reforms are being supported by political parties as well as business houses. Some bus iness houses are not very happy with the unreasonable demands from some political quarters, while the behavior of some politicians and political parties under the influence of money-power has also brought down the image of governments. There are some differences in the manner and extent of implementation though. Such attempts to regulate campaign finances are being supported by people at large and if theirs is any opposition, it comes from within the political establishment. In USA the common term for such political efforts is campaign finance reform (Chapman, 1999). In US campaign funds are generated by the politicians and the political parties' mainly using four sources (Cantor, 2007); i. Own funds of political leaders, their family and friends ii. By soliciting contributions from individual citizens iii. Using the party funds (which too require to be replenished from time to time) iv. Different interest groups (comprised business etc) generally with the formation of political action committees (PAC) on political, social or economic issues. v. Public funds (available only for some elections like Presidential elections) A first timer to

Demand and price elasticity of demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Demand and price elasticity of demand - Essay Example In the case of Bordeaux, the consumers had proposed a low wine price. This implies that reducing the price of the wine will make the commodity be more affordable to the consumers (Sheffrin, B. 2003). This would increase the demand of the product thus increasing its supply. Increase in the supply of Bordeaux wine would increase the number of sales. Price elasticity of a commodities demand involves a measure that is used in economies in showing the elasticity responsiveness of the quantity of the product that is demanded towards a change in the product’s price. In this respect, it provides the percentage change of the quantity of the product that is demanded to follow a response to a change in the price. Price elasticity can be considered to be negative despite the fact that analysis would always ignore the negative sign leading to ambiguity (Peters, K. 2006). A positive price elasticity of demand occurs in a case where the products do not satisfy the law of demand. In this resp ect, the demand of the wine would be said to be inelastic when the price elasticity of demand (PED) is below one. This implies that the price changes have a significantly smaller effect on the amount of wine that is demanded. On the other hand, the demand of Bordeaux wine would be said to be elastic whenever the price elasticity of is more than one. This means that the changes in the commodities price would greatly influence the amount of the wine that is demanded. In the case of Bordeaux wine, the demand of the product could be said to be elastic. This is so because the demand of this wine is strongly affected by changes in price. Therefore, increasing the price of the product would reduce the demand of the product where as reducing the price of the product would have an effect of increasing demand of the product (Knugman, R. 2005). It is for this reason that the merchants who were contacted through The Times argue that they could only accept the wine when the price of the wine is reduced to about ?95 in 2008 for the best brands compared with the ?318 in 2007 vintage (Sage, A. & Pavia, W. 2009). These investors argue out that when the price of wine is higher than the proposed one, there would be no customers. This is a clear indication that the demand of Bordeaux wine was elastic. Part B. The amount of the wine demanded is normally a strong component of its price. A case study done to find out the quantity of the wine demanded at various price levels with all the other factors kept constant, would result into the table 1. Table 1. Demand schedule. year price Average price quantity 2002 95 95 170 133 700 2003 192 192 253 223 500 2004 141 145 190 159 600 2005 472 480 622 523 300 2006 450 450 622 536 200 2007 318 318 466 392 400 Graph 1. The graph represents the quantity of the wine that is demanded as the variable that is Independent (x-axis) and the price as the variable that is dependent (y-axis). According to the law of demand the quantity of the product tha t is demanded will always move towards the opposite price direction. This is observed in the graph above through the downward demand curve slope. When one moves along the curve, a change in the price of the wine would result into a change in the quantity that is demanded. Whenever there exists a change in the influencing factor besides price there could be a shift in the demand curve either towards the right or the left,