Microfinance Impacts On Social Vulnerability Health And Social Care Essay

The research reported in this thesis was on â€Å" Impact of Microfinance on Social exposure in low income families of Pakistan † . The intent of this research was to analyze the impact of microfinance upon the vulnerable sector i.e. the low income Households of Pakistan. The primary information was gathered by drifting questionnaires and carry oning interviews. SPSS package was applied to analyse informations for frequences and cross tabular matter. The consequences were interpreted by usual rules of statistics. The findings suggested that there is a important impact of microfinance in cut downing poorness of the low income families. The findings showed that the microfinance clients had been helped by microfinance loans to elate their criterion of life and their societal position. Microfinance establishments have improved their criterion of life. It has besides helped them by increasing their entree to wellness and instruction installations. Microfinance has improves the conditions of lodging of its clients. Therefore microfinance establishments help to diminish the societal exposure and has moved them out of po orness.Chapter 1IntroductionOverview of the subject under considerationThe operations of microfinance are non much different from that of commercial Bankss but the chief difference prevarications in their client section which is the hapless for the microfinance. Challenges that are faced by the hapless are hapless wellness, deficiency of instruction, hapless lodging, and deficiency of lodging and unexpected menaces like natural catastrophes. These factors influence the economic status of the hapless every bit good. Microfinance focuses on these issues to cut down societal exposure of the hapless. Some of the issues that have impact on the societal exposure of the hapless are: Poor wellness is one of the chief grounds that makes people vulnerable and does non let them to draw out of poorness. Death of the staff of life earner leaves the full family helpless and therefore falling of one member ill makes the full family unstable. Education is one of the major constituents of microfinan ce services. Microfinance allows the client to pull off their growing income activities. In the absence of proper instruction the hapless are unable to travel out of poorness. Fiscal preparation and proviso of grownup literacy are of import parts of microfinance merchandises. Housing helps the hapless to make assets. Investing in lodging agencies in investing in concern since the hapless normally work from place. Proper lodging gives the hapless with entree to basic installations. Income required for nutrient ingestion and other outgos is critical and should be plenty to maintain the house stable. Standard of life determines the quality of unrecorded the hapless are populatingBackground of the subjectHistory of MicrofinanceMicrofinance is an old construct but it became really popular in the 70 ‘s by Dr Muhammad Yunus. Muhammad yunus realized that there would be a batch of enterprisers among his state but these people could n't get down their ain concern due to miss of capital. Muhammad Yunus established a bank that would impart a few hundred dollars to the hapless to get down a new concern. He established the Grameen bank in 1983 in Bangladesh. His chief aim was to assist hapless people move out of poorness by supplying them with loans. Microfinance refers to provide of fiscal services like loan, insurance, nest eggs to the hapless. As the hapless can non acquire these services from commercial Bankss, microfinance provides them with these services. Microfinance was introduced in Bangladesh in 1976 and of all time since it has gained importance in the fiscal universe. Microfinance has shown a positive impact on its clients over the old ages. Surveies have shown that bulk of the loans to travel adult females and adult females invest them in concern and better their and their household ‘s criterions of lifeSocial exposure in PakistanSocial exposure has many dimensions. The hapless in Pakistan have non merely low income but they besides lack entree to basic demands such as instruction, wellness, clean imbibing H2O and proper sanitation. The latter undermines and bounds their capablenesss, bounds their chances to procure employment, consequences in their societal exclusion and exposes them to exogenic dazes. Then the barbarous rhythm of poorness is accentuated when so authorities constructions exclude the most vulnerable from the determination devising procedure. Poverty is one of the most of import jobs that are faced by state. But due to increase of economic activities and policies of the authorities, there are some good Numberss came on poorness and poorness decrease. Social exposure, societal exclusion and societal inequality are found in different parts of rural Pakistan. There are different societal constructions that govern the rural life in Pakistan. In rural Pakistan socially vulnerable groups have limited entree to labour market and societal services and this restriction leads to poverty. More than one-half of the rural population in Pakistan is landless and rural poorness is highest among those who own no land. It is found that 42 per centum of the population is populating in families with illiterate caputs is hapless. Net primary registration rates are merely 37 per centum for the hapless and this per centum is even lower in adult females and kids. There is the presence of affinity and caste system in the rural Pakistan and the presence of powerful groups leads to affairs like entree to instruction, wellness and other services Lack of instruction and deficiency of entree to wellness and public services are one of the grounds of poorness. Supplying loans to the hapless is non a new thought, every bit early as 1960s Agricultural bank has been supplying loans to the husbandmans to purchase fertilisers, high giving up seeds and machinery. These Bankss failed to better the criterion of life of the hapless because they merely provided loan and did non offer services of sedimentation maintaining and did non hold any economy merchandises. MF attempts to supply solution to this job. MF provides fiscal services include working capital loans, consumer recognition, nest eggs, pensions, insurance, and money transportation services. Microfinance covers a broad scope of services that is non confined merely to micro recognition.Importance of the survey with regard to the universeOne-half of the universe ‘s population is populating on an income of less than two dollars a twenty-four hours. In these hapless communitie s one kid out of every five does non populate to see his birthday. Microfinance claims to supply the hapless an entree to capital giving them an chance to travel up the economic ladder. Examination of microfinance operations around the universe has indicated that hapless who use microfinance merchandises have become less vulnerable and are able to travel themselves out of poorness. Even those who managed to travel out of poorness, it took them 5 to 10 old ages to travel out of poorness. Impact appraisal of microfinance is of import to understand the effectivity and outreach of microfinance in run intoing the development aims, Besides an of import point the should be considered is that microfinance services are an instrument of development and non an terminal in themselves. In the planetary conflict against poorness microfinance is considered an of import and effectual tool. It increases the chances of the hapless by supplying them entree to the capital and helps them by increasing i n their income and besides increases the societal position of the borrowers. Many givers, societal investors and policy shapers have supported the growing of this on an international graduated table with important flows of subsidising grants and financess.Importance of the survey with regard to PakistanMicrofinance sector began in Pakistan through rural development undertakings that were funded by the givers. The Agha khan rural support plan theoretical account has been imitated all across Pakistan and since so microfinance has become an critical instrument in covering with the issues of the hapless of the Pakistan. It is considered that microfinance should be used to cut down poorness by 33 per centum.This belief is mostly supported by informations and grounds all across Pakistan. Along with cut downing poorness microfinance in Pakistan is besides seen as an of import instrument for gender authorization. The Government of Pakistan and rural support plans in the state think that by supplying recognition to adult females there can income coevals and the societal and economic position of adult females in the family and in the community can be improved. As it is believed that microfinance can extinguish poorness, can authorise adult females and eradicate unemployment but still there is non adequate research that supports all these claims.Research inquiryWhat is the impact of microfinance on societal exposure in low income families of Pakistan?Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWWarner ( 2009 ) conducted a research on societal exposure, where she defines the term, examines policy significance of societal exposure and discusses the value of survey of societal exposure for hazard direction. The cardinal ground behind this research was to see the factor that are related to exposure for hazard decrease intent and discourse the major concern that should be considered while making research. The author discusses the hard in mensurating societal exposure ; she says that chief metho dological argument about societal exposure is that it deals with our certain societal elements that are hard to mensurate. The author points out that there should be tools that should be made by the policy shaper that should assist in mensurating societal exposure accurate and easy. The determination were that societal exposure is merely non put on the line decrease because it consider three of import component and those elements are people, societal systems and non structural solutions. The author references chances that are present to extinguish societal exposure are by authorising adult females and bettering the position in the society and by utilizing hazard direction tools like microfinance to better the hazard direction capablenesss of the vulnerable population. United Nations secretariats ( 2003 ) published a study on universe societal state of affairs, beginnings and challenge of societal exposure. The aim of this study was to place the beginning of societal exposure because to accomplish decrease in societal exposure it is of import to understand its beginnings. The study states that societal exposure is the exposure of societal groups. These societal groups include adult females, kids, older people and people with disablements and minorities. The study states that these groups face societal exposure due to different societal, economic and cultural barriers. These groups are excluded from income market every bit good as are socially excluded. This study identifies that a barbarous circle is created by the interaction of poorness and exposure because hapless people are the 1 who are most vulnerable to income dazes and stuff losingss and these dazes and losingss make them unable to travel out to poorness. In order to cut down poorness it is of import to understand what makes these people vulnerable. The most of import beginnings of exposure identified in this study are income security and deficiency of entree to fiscal markets but these are non the lone beginnings other societal ailments such as hapless wellness, unequal entree to wellness services, no entree or unequal entree to instruction are besides major beginnings of societal exposure. Apart from this societal exclusion on the footing of gender and civilization besides lead to societal exposure. This study identifies the demand for societal and economic policies that help in creative activity of employment of these societal groups. The most of import beginning of societal exposure identified in this study is income insecurity hence economic growing and creative activity of employment should be kept in head when making policies to cut down societal exposure. As societal exposure arises due to societal, cultural and economic barriers, hence societal and economic p olicies should be integrated to cut down societal exposure. This study indicates that developing states should implement stairss for socially vulnerable groups. Philip and rayhan ( 2004 ) conducted a research on what are the causes and what is the relationship between poorness and societal exposure. The cardinal ground behind this research was to look at different significances of poorness and societal exposure and to analyze their interrelatedness in order to better the life criterions in the development states. To transport out the research they did interdisciplinary analysis of both poorness and exposure by reexamining literature and by looking at the instance surveies of different developing states. The determination of this research was that exposure and poorness are multidimensional footings i.e. they include societal, economic, political and environmental factors and are complex footings. They are interrelated in such a manner that each causes the other, which means that poorness makes people vulnerable to societal, economic and environmental dazes, their exposure escalate poorness and therefore do them vulnerable to farther dazes. Fo r measuring of exposure, factors of economic efficiency which are land productiveness, labour productiveness, and per capita income, factors for societal equity which are people below poorness line, life anticipation, and female literacy should be measured. PROBLEMS OF POOR HEALTH SHOULD BE ADDRESSED BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE THE MAIN RESONS of poorness and societal exposure. Freyssinet ( 2009 ) worked on how to mensurate societal exposure. The purpose of mensurating societal exposure is that it can assist in minimising the inauspicious impact of economic, societal, political and environmental dazes and aid in interrupting the rhythm of aims every bit good as subjective. The article states some variable that can assist in mensurating societal exposure ; the variables are healthy life anticipation, poorness, unemployment and debt ratios and others. Wisner ( 2006 ) worked on the hazard decrease indexs of societal exposure. The cardinal ground behind this research was to analyze the indexs of societal exposure for its better apprehension. He states that those indexs are used whose informations is available from family study or informations collected by different disposals. He states that an of import index of societal exposure is school safety. School safety includes the per centum of school available, entree to instruction services and protection to go on instruction, what is primary school registration, figure of instructors and pupil per school. Another of import index of societal exposure is to analyze the diverseness of economic activity of a family. It will include ratio of people gaining from support and people gaining from fabricating. Another of import index is homelessness which can be measured by looking at the per centum of people homeless. The writer states that in order to step and to cut down societal exposure thes e are the most of import index that should be taken into history. He concludes that indexs of societal exposure are found in the establishments, support, substructures and other societal factors. Matin, Hulme and Ruthford ( 2004 ) conducted a research on finance for hapless: from microfinance to micro fiscal services. The purpose of this research was to happen ways how fiscal merchandises can be designed and delivered to the hapless in a better manner. This paper states that supplying hapless people with microfinance will assist them cover with poorness which will take to obliteration of poorness. Microfinance is average for cut downing exposure by giving hapless entree to wellness and instruction services and is a mean for increasing income. This article states that there are two microfinance supplier informal, semi formal and formal. Informal suppliers are unregistered such as money loaners and semi formal suppliers are microfinance establishments that are normally NGO ‘s and formal suppliers are those which are capable to banking jurisprudence of the state. The article concludes that the hapless need fiscal services for care and betterment of their support. All infor mal, semi formal and formal suppliers can assist hapless in accomplishing these. Radermacher et.al ( 2010 ) conducted a research on micro insurance, as a tool to cut down exposure due to costs of ill-health. The cardinal ground behind this research was that hapless households frequently due to illness lose all their assets due wellness disbursals which they cover from their earning or from borrowing. Even if such hapless family have entree to microfinance but microfinance wo n't cover indirect disbursals like transit costs and income loss that occurs due to illness. Therefore there is demand for micro insurance which non merely cover these wellness disbursals but besides the indirect disbursals. For transporting out research family study was conducted in low income territories on Nepal. Harmonizing to the study it was found that monthly rate of illness was more than 10 % in the territories and female, babies and older people are more vulnerable to illness as compared to work forces. Survey was besides done to happen the heath disbursals of hapless family and it w as found it is increasing over the old ages and that these hapless family at the same clip have limited entree to wellness services. The study besides showed the beginning used by these family to cover wellness cost and it was found that these family either sold their assets to cover costs or resort to adoption. Besides when adoption was done it was done from multiple beginnings to cover full disbursals. This article states that micro insurance is the finest tool for cut downing the exposure. Insurance besides non besides covers the medical cost but besides the index costs. The article states that the focal point of micro insurance is that it should be low-cost, bettering the qualities of life of the hapless and cut down their poorness. Another of import factor of micro insurance is trust. The hapless family have limited budget and they will ne'er purchase the insurance policy unless they wo n't hold trust on the micro insurance supplier and it is undertaking of the insurance suppli er to convert them that they will profit from buying the insurance policy. Therefore micro insurance is the best possible manner to cut down the exposure of low income family. Hamid, Robert and Mosley ( 2010 ) evaluated the wellness effects of micro wellness insurance arrangement. The cardinal ground behind this research was to analyze and analyze the impacts of micro wellness insurance arrangement on the consciousness of wellness, use of wellness attention and position of wellness of clients of Grameen bank in Bangladesh. For the research primary information was collected through family study in countries where there are subdivisions of Grameen bank. Since more than 90 % of clients of Grameen bank are female therefore merely female were selected for the survey. The study included both interview and questionnaires. After roll uping the information a arrested development equation was derived from empirical theoretical account to analyze the impact of impact. The dependent variables taken were awareness of wellness and position of wellness. The determination were statistically of import for consciousness for wellness and use of heath attention but non for we llness position and those happening are important for enlargement and imitation of micro wellness insurance. Develtere and Huybrechts ( 2002 ) worked on looking at groundss on societal and economic impacts of Grameen bank and BRAC on the hapless in Bangladesh. The cardinal ground behind this research was to happen the societal and economic impact of these Bankss on the hapless. There are different ways to mensurating the impact of microfinance on ingestion and income. The method used that the borrowers recall their before and after state of affairs and utilizing this method it was found that per capita income and sum of recognition obtained from Grameen bank was positively related. The survey showed that Grameen bank improved the economic conditions of 91 % its clients. Research shows that income and ingestion should be taken as dependent variable for mensurating the impact of microfinance on the hapless. Apart from betterment in income and ingestion of the client it was seen that employment was besides generated. Besides the research indicates that the labour market engagement of adult fem ales increased as comparison to adult females populating in nearby small towns. Researches states that micro recognition aid in cut downing poorness. BRAC every bit good as Grameen bank have seen that their tools for salvaging have help in cut downing exposure. Apart from betterment in their economic status their societal status was besides improved the societal state of affairss of adult females as good of their household. Through microfinance these adult females achieved empowerment and now they non seen as a load but a beginning of income which has increased her position as her power of determination devising. Women of hapless family face a job of domestic force. In this research a arrested development analysis was done and it was found that adult females who are clients of BRAC and Grameen bank are better treated by their hubbies. These Bankss increased the mobility of adult females, expanded their cognition and increased consciousness of the universe. Asad Kamran Ghalib ( 2007 ) worked on societal impacts appraisal of microfinance. The purposes of this work was to look at the wider and societal impacts of microfinance and what tools and methods should be used to mensurate these societal impacts. For societal impacts assessment a generic theoretical accounts was used. The theoretical account consisted of a control group and a plan group. The control group was non exposed to microfinance intercession while plan group. The control group was non exposed to microfinance intercession while plan group was the one which was exposed to microfinance intercession. For mensurating of societal impact of microfinance on plan group a societal impact measurement index was used, which took account four variables. The variables were wellness, literacy, support and community. Each variable has its ain indexs. For informations aggregation secondary beginnings were used which include nose count study and informations published by regulative bureaus. T he findings were that microfinance lead to adult females authorization and improved their living criterion and that of their household. There nutrition, hygiene and life conditions improved. Access to education increased their consciousness.Chapter 3MethodologyResearch TypeThe type of research is qualitative in nature. The nucleus purpose of the qualitative research is to happen out the relationship between the dependant variable and the independent variable. The relationship between the variables is traveling to be built utilizing statistical tools such as cross tabular matter. Study scene of the research will be impersonal. Then the purpose of this survey is to happen the extent to which microfinance reduces societal exposure.Data type and Research PeriodFor my research, I am traveling carry out primary research, for which I am traveling to carry on questionnaire utilizing a 5-point likert graduated table. 1 depicts strongly disagree and 5 depicts strongly agree. The questionnaire contains 12 inquiries, 3 inquiries per variable.Population, Working population and SampleFor my research, I am traveling to take a on the job population of 70 people who are clients of microfinance institutes in Lahore. Out of the 70 questionnaires, 20 questionnaires will be disqualified on some bases. Hence the sample size for my research will be 50.Theoretical Framework and Variables under treatmentMy independent variable is microfinance and the dependent variables are: Social exposure Health Education Income Housing Standard of lifeOperational DefinitionsHealth:Poor wellness is one of the chief grounds that makes people vulnerable and does non let them to draw out of poorness. Death of the staff of life earner leaves the full family helpless and therefore falling of one member ill makes the full family unstable.Education:Education is one of the major constituents of microfinance services. Microfinance allows the client to pull off their growing income activities. In the absence of proper instruction the hapless are unable to travel out of poorness. Fiscal preparation and proviso of grownup literacy are of import parts of microfinance merchandises.Housing:Housing helps the hapless to make assets. Investing in lodging agencies in investing in concern since the hapless normally work from place. Proper lodging gives the hapless with entree to basic installations.Income:Income required for nutrient ingestion and other outgos is critical and should be plenty to maintain the house stable.Standard of li fe:Standard of life determines the quality of unrecorded the hapless are populatingResearch HypothesisHolmium: Microfinance leads to better wellness of its clients H1: Microfinance does non take to better wellness of its clients Holmium: Microfinance leads to increase in instruction and school registration of its client ‘s kids H1: Microfinance does n't take to increase in instruction and school registration of its client ‘s kids Holmium: Microfinance leads to increase in personal income of its clients H1: Microfinance does non take to increase in personal income of its clients Holmium: Microfinance improves the criterion of life of its clients H1: Mic Ho: Microfinance leads to betterment in lodging of its clients H1: Microfinance does n't take to betterment in lodging of its clients rofinance does n't better the criterion of life of its clientsTechniquesAfter finishing the questionnaires, I am traveling to make traverse tabular matter analysis for my research.Datas AnalysisFor this research, SPSS will be used and transverse tabular matters will be carried out, after which the significance of each variable will be determined and therefore each hypothesis will be proved.Data Interpretation:The consequences generated from SPSS would be combined and will so be further analyze utilizing the tabular arraies and the graphs and cross check analysis.Chapter 4RESULTS AND ANALYSISTable 1: Cross check of after microfinance your entree to wellness installations and overall wellness of your household members has improvedOverall wellness of your household members has improved Entire 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 After microfinance your entree to wellness installations improved 3.00 1 2 2 5 4.00 5 16 8 29 5.00 4 12 0 16 Entire 10 30 10 50 Holmium: Microfinance leads to better wellness of its clients H1: Microfinance does non take to better wellness of its clients This cross tabular matter shows that 29 out of 50 clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their entree to wellness installations has improved and 16 clients strongly agree that after engagement in microfinance their entree to wellness installations has improved. 30 out of 50 clients believe that overall wellness of their household members have improved. This tabular array shows that bulk of the clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their entree to wellness installations have improved and besides overall wellness of their household members have improved. Therefore it proves the hypothesis that microfinance leads to better wellness of its clients.Table 2: Cross check of after microfinance has the school registration rate of your kids increased and your monthly disbursal on instruction increasedHave your monthly disbursal of instruction increased? Entire 3.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 After engagement in microfinance has the school enrolment rate of your kids increased? 3.00 1 4 0 5 4.00 5 17 10 32 5.00 5 2 6 13 Entire 11 23 16 50 Holmium: Microfinance leads to increase in instruction and school registration of its client ‘s kids H1: Microfinance does n't take to increase in instruction and school registration of its client ‘s kids This cross tabular matter shows that 32 out of 50 clients agree that after engagement in microfinance the school enrolment rate of their kids has increased. 23 out of 50 clients agree that monthly disbursal of instruction has increased. This tabular array shows that bulk of the clients agree that after engagement in microfinance the school enrolment rate of their kids has increased and their monthly disbursal on instruction has increased. Therefore it proves the hypothesis that microfinance leads to increase in instruction an 500 school registration of its clients kids.Table 3: Cross check of after microfinance there is addition in your personal income and is your income plenty for your household membersCount Is your income plenty for your household member Entire 2.00 3.00 4.00 2.00 Has engagement in microfinance has led to increase in your personal income 3.00 3 0 3 6 4.00 7 6 13 26 5.00 2 6 10 18 Entire 15 12 23 50 Holmium: Microfinance leads to increase in personal income of its clients H1: Microfinance does non take to increase in personal income of its clients The tabular array of cross tabular matter shows that 26 out of 50 clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their personal income has increased. 23 out of 50 clients agree that their income is adequate for their household members. This tabular array shows that bulk of the clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their personal income has increased and their income is adequate for their household members. This tabular array shows that 15 out of 50 clients still believe that their income is non plenty for their household members. While 23 out of 50 believe that their income is adequate for their household members. Therefore the hypothesis holds true that microfinance leads to increase in personal income of its clients.Table 4: Cross check of microfinance leads to increase in ingestion of nutrient and your entree to clean imbibing H2O and hygiene environment has improvedCount Do you hold entree to clean imbibing H2O and hygiene environment? Entire 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 Do you believe that microfinance leads to increase in overall ingestion of nutrient 3.00 0 0 3 1 4 4.00 0 7 17 6 30 5.00 4 7 3 2 16 Entire 4 14 23 9 50 Holmium: Microfinance improves the criterion of life of its clients H1: Microfinance does n't better the criterion of life of its clients The cross tabular matter tabular array shows that 30 out of 50 clients agree that microfinance has increased their overall ingestion of nutrient. 23 out of 50 clients agree that they have entree to clean imbibing H2O and hygiene environment. As the tabular array shows that 17 out of 50 clients agree that after engagement in microfinance their overall ingestion of nutrient has increased and they have entree to clean imbibing H2O and hygiene environment. Merely 4 out of 50 clients ‘ does n't hold entree to clean imbibing H2O. Therefore the hypothesis that microfinance improves the criterion of life of its clients keep true.Table 5: Cross check of microfinance leads to increase in outgo on house fix and your house is strong plenty to defy any sort of catastropheCount Is your house strong plenty to with stand electrical storm or any other sort of natural catastrophe? Entire 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 Engagement in microfinance leads to increase in outgo on house fix 3.00 1 4 0 0 5 4.00 7 15 9 1 32 5.00 2 6 3 2 13 Entire 10 25 12 3 50 Holmium: Microfinance leads to betterment in lodging of its clients H1: Microfinance does n't take to betterment in lodging of its clients This tabular array of cross tabular matter shows that 32 out 50 clients agree that engagement in microfinance leads to increase in outgo on house fix. 25 out of 50 clients agree that their house is strong plenty to with stand electrical storm or any other sort of natural catastrophe. 10 out of 50 clients said that their house is non strong plenty to with stand electrical storm or any other sort of natural catastrophe. 15 out of 50 clients are impersonal about that microfinance lead to increase in outgo on house fix and their house is strong plenty to defy electrical storm and any other sort of natural catastrophe. Looking at the bulk of clients the hypothesis clasp that microfinance leads to betterment in lodging of its clients.BibliographyPPAF ( 2004 ) â€Å" PPAF Microcredit Financing: Appraisal of Outcomes † prepared by GALLUP Pakistan for Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund. Hussein, Maliha and Shazreh Hussain ( 2003 ) â€Å" The Impact of Microfinance on Poverty and Gender Equity: Approachs and Evidence from Pakisian † Roneo for The Pakistan Microfinance Network. W.B, 2003. World Social state of affairs study. The World Bank Group Amin, S. , Rai, A. S. , & A ; Topa, G. ( 2003 ) . Does microcredit make the hapless and vulnerable? Evidence from Northern Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 70 ( 1 ) , 59- 82.

Women Role in Athenian Society

Women†s role in Greece can be seen when one first begins to do research on the subject. The subject of women in Greece is coupled with the subject of slaves. This is the earliest classification of women in Greek society. Although women were treated differently from city to city the basic premise of that treatment never changed. Women were only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rites to the husband. However, women did form life long bonds with their husbands and found love in arranged marriages. Women are â€Å"defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors† in Athenian society (The Greek World, pg. 200). For women life didn†t extend far from the home, which was thought to be their sole realm of existence. Though they ranked higher than slaves did, they were treated in many of the same ways. Just like slaves, their mothers trained women as adolescents what their domestic duties were. They were secluded from all males, including those in their family. They lived in gynaikeion, which were women†s apartments in Athens (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 55). They were kept at home where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable wife. â€Å"Marriage was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To remain a spinster was the worst disgrace which could befall a woman† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). However, it was seen as more of a disgrace on her father who ‘owned† her until she was married. Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their household and slaves, they didn†t have much freedom. They rarely left the house, unless they were part of some sort of religious procession. They could only walk abroad in the streets if accompanied by a slave or other attendant. It was improper for respectable women to share the same social entertainments as men. Even if caught in the courtyard of the house by a male visitor, they would return to the seclusion of their own apartments. Pericles once said, â€Å"it was their business to be spoken of as little as possible whether for good or ill† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). This sentiment describes the extent of the importance of women in society. Marriage was their only major role in the lives of men. The betrothal was arranged by the parents as a strictly business contract. The parent†s choice of a suitable groom for their bride was a matter of pride and status for the family. The groom†s choice in bride was largely determined by the amount of dowry the bride would bring with her. Although the wedding was a happy ceremony, it was only the beginning of a woman†s loss of independence. Not only did women possess no independent status in the eyes of the law; she always remained under the supervision of a male. If her husband died, she was returned to her father†s or brother†s home where they would take charge of her. After the wedding, the wife†s duties were centered on the management of the home. She would overlook the slaves, mend and make clothing for her family, usually done by spinning or knitting, weave rugs and baskets for the home, or just fold and refold the clothing kept in the family chest. The wife was also responsible for maintaining her attractiveness for her husband. A proper Athenian wife would adorn herself with jewelry and use rouge upon her husband†s arrival home. Sometimes she might spend an entire evening sitting next to the couch where her husband lay reclining. Most importantly the Athenian women were seen as â€Å"fine upstanding matrons† fit to bear a race of excellent athletes† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). An Athenian man married primarily to have children. These children were expected to care for him in his old age, but more importantly to bury him with the â€Å"full appropriate rites† (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 57). Moreover, Athenian men married to have male children in order to perpetuate the family line and guarantee him honors when he died. It was also a large disgrace for a man to be unmarried. Basically, Athenians married not out of love for each other, but for religious and social convenience. All this aside, love was abundant in Greek society. Although love was never a determining factor in marriages, a lifelong bond and devotion developed between a couple as the years passed. â€Å"We know that the Greeks of the fifth and fourth century used the word eros (love) to describe the passion linking a husband and his wife† (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 58). There are many instances in myth and history where husbands and wives in Greek society have sacrificed themselves for the sake of the other. They were bonded together by their love of their family and by their dedication to each other through their family. Women were dedicated to the happiness of their husband and the well being of their children. Men were dedicated to providing for and supporting their family and raising noteworthy children. These common goals brought together the husband and wife like never before. It was this bond that sparked the beginning of a lifelong commitment to one another and the growth of th eir love for one another. Although women were not given formal rights, they were able to find pride and happiness in the mundane applications of their life. Women found pride in their children and satisfaction in their husband†s happiness. I would like to leave you with closing remarks that illustrate the bond between a wife and her husband. â€Å"The greatest pleasure to me will be this, that, if you prove yourself my superior, you will make me your servant and there will be no fear lest with advancing years your influence will wane; nay the better companion you are to me and the better guardian of the house to our children, the greater will be the esteem in which you are held at home; and all will admire you, not so much for your good looks as for your good deeds in practical life† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). â€Å"Atthis, who didst live for me and breathe thy last toward me, once the source of all my joy and now of tears, holy, much lamented, how sleepst thou the mournful sleep, thou whose head was never laid away from thy husband†s breast, leaving Theios alone as one who is no more; for with thee the hope of our life went to darkness† (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 87).

Explore How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between George and Lennie

In traditional fairytales, ogres are man eating beasts. The prince usually rescues the princess and they live happily ever after. 18. 10. 10 The main themes in a traditional fairytale are always either based on Romance/Magic & Evil. The main elements always are the antagonist (the bad guy), the protagonist (The good guy) and mainly sometimes the helper. In traditional fairytales the antagonist, the protagonist and the helper are often stereotypical, take Cinderella for example the princess is warm hearted, beautiful, nice and kind.The prince is always often handsome, charming, brave and wealthy The film ‘Shrek’ begins in a traditional way by using the most common phrase ‘Once upon a time’ that gives you an idea that the film has used some traditional phrases. Well you can tell by the opening scene that ‘Shrek’ is different to a traditional fairytale on how it shows Shrek doing his own thing. Shrek is very not like a stereotypical prince. Shrek i s an Ogre which straight away puts a picture in your mind of like a dirty, scary and ugly and also could be the enemy. The music when we first meet Shrek is a contrapuntal sound. It doesn’t really match the things he was doing.For example, when Shrek is in a mud bath. The music gave you a happy/exciting feeling and quite a good/bad impression; it also sets the mood throughout the scene. Shrek threatens the villagers in the film. On this scene you see Shrek as a dangerous monster, which looks ugly and also very angry; with his loud raw he scares away the villagers. The way Shrek acts, it makes out that he is very violent and aggressive and also the he could harm the villagers. In the scene with the villagers, a close up is used to show the detail of Shrek’s face and how large he looks and what he actually looks like close up.I do think Shrek is a stereotypical ogre at this point because he fits with his personality well on how a scary, evil person he sometimes can be. W hen Shrek meets Fiona he drags her out by her arm which is not a prince like thing to do. This shows you Shrek does act like an Ogre. Princess Fiona responds in a shocked way, She thought that Shrek would come in and sweep her of her feet instead he done the opposite and just dragged her out and also he didn’t defeat the dragon which is not like a rescue Princess Fiona expected.The music we hear when we first meet Lord Farquard is non digenetic and also parallel. It matches on how we first see Lord Farquard. When we first hear the music it suggests that Lord Farquard is strong and powerful almost like a stereotypical prince. When Lord Farquard threatens the Ginger Bread man it makes us think this is not how a stereotypical prince would act. Stereotypical princes act sweet and caring and Lord Farquard acts evil, nasty and demanding. Lord Farquard acts disgusted when he finds out Princess Fiona is an ogre.You can tell Lord Farquard is shocked and can’t believe his eyes. The impression Lord Farquard gives the audience is that he is not a stereotypical prince and is more like an evil controlling prince which makes us see his true colours. I think Lord Farquard is not a stereotypical prince because he is not handsome, charming or kind and shows he is only after marrying Princess Fiona to becoming king. Shrek’s swomp is what I think of how an ogre’s home would look like. It’s daunting. a ruin, decayed and grubby.Lord Farquard’s castle is what I’d expect a castle to look like it’s appealing, gigantic, impressive and stylish. Shrek is not like a stereo typical ogre at the end of the film because you see the real side of him which is sweet, caring and loving. ‘Shrek’ is not like a traditional fairytale because every character is not like its stereotypical character. You wouldn’t usually find a princess which becomes an ogre or an ogre that marries a princess also Lord Farquard who you would exp ect to be the protagonist is actually the antagonist.

Applied Behavior Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applied Behavior Analysis - Essay Example All children between the ages of 3 and 21 are eligible for a special education program and related services (Bos, 2006). Applied behavior analysis and behavior modification are closely related. Technically, behavior modification in schools has become synonymous with reinforcement programs derived from operating conditioning principles (RJanzen,& eynoldes2007). Functional analysis methodology is an assessment strategy that identifies sources of reinforcement that maintain problem behavior and prescribe individual interventions that directly alert that conditions under which behavior occur. Applied behavior analysis involves the following: Performing a functional behavioral assessment – determining what function the behavior plays with the child. For example , in the classroom a problem behavior results in increased attention for a child. Find a different, harmless, or positive reinforcement to the child for engaging in that behavior. The reinforces would be similar to the function that the problem behavior served for that child. The child removed from the classroom when the tantrum begins, and he is rewarded with attention when he remain s in control two critical elements to understand the treatment are : understand the function of the problem behavior and identifying effective consequences . (Melucci 2004). The principles of learning that applied behavior problems include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, shaping, prompting, fading, extinction, punishment, molding, discrimination learning, task analysis and self- instructional talk. Most of these terms are described than the steps in behavior analysis are outlined. Finally, applied behavior analysis is illustrated with a case study. Reinforcement plays a huge role in governing human behavior. Reinforcement is a way that uses a stimuli, that helps an organism satisfy its biological needs. (Gleitman.,1998). Behavioral psychology, in particular

Business Environment of Tombow Pencil Company Essay

Business Environment of Tombow Pencil Company - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Tombow Pencil Company Ltd is based in Japan and is headquartered in Tokyo. The company was well known throughout Japan for its products that were carefully designed to win the market share as well as to improve the profit margins. Whilst business has been steadily growing, it can be noted that the changing environment has somehow affected the operations of Tombow. The strategy implemented by the organisation could not be fully sustained in the long run and this has prompted the leadership to seek changes in the structure of the organisation as well as its operations. The business environment in which organizations operate during the contemporary period is characterised by changes such as technological innovations, competition as well as the ever-changing needs of the consumers. In the given case of Tombow, it can be seen that its operations have been adversely affected by changes in the environment such as competition as well as improvements in the distribution channels of different pencil products offered. Such changes in the business environment have affected Tombow in different ways but the major notable effect is that of declining profits that can be attributed to these changes taking place in the business environment. As such, Roussow (1) posits to the effect that the organisation’s success in this competitive and dynamic environment mainly depends on its capacity to develop, implement, monitor as well as evaluate its business strategy such as knowledge management. The main problem bedevilling Tombow Company Ltd is related to several functional departments. There are many players involved in the supply chain where sales agents as well as wholesalers have been used in the distribution process. The other problem is related to innovations in the distribution channels that have challenged traditional ways of doing business by this organisation. This has resulted in late deliveries of the products. This has also led to piling of different products pending delivery and meeting the expectations of the customers is still a challenge for this particular company owing to changes taking place in the business environment where it is operating. Whilst it can be seen that there are many players involved in the production as well as distribution process, it seems that there is lack of adequate networking among the players involved. Dyer & Nobeoka (2) suggest that networking between the production as well as supply chain of the organisation is very important in as far as knowledge creation is concerned. These authors suggest that learning in an organisation is very important for its success and it can only be achieved through networking of vital organs, which can promote institutionalisation, as well as flow of knowledge within it. A good example can be drawn from the automobile industry especially the case of Toyota which achieved its competitive advantage through networking its production as well as supply chain which promoted sharing of knowledge among vital stakeholders involved in its operations. Basically, learning in an organisation which promotes the creation as well as sharing of knowledge is often seen as the locus for organisational development especially in the ever changing business environment in which organisations operate. Bilateral knowledge sharing between the organisation and its suppliers is very important given that there will be high chances of achieving the goal of the organisation since mutual understanding among the vital networks would be promoted. Continuous learning as well as knowledge creation and sharing are seen as very important components that can lead an organisation to gain a competitive advantage over its rival competitors. The network system is very effective in transferring knowledge from one point to the other within an organisation, which is essential for its long term growth and development. Any organization that is concerned about its g rowth ought to harness on the strategy of organisational learning. Over and above, it can be noted that organizations operate in a

Audible Company Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Audible Company - Term Paper Example The business environment is defined by both external and internal factors. The external factors are beyond the business control, but they impact on the organization’s operations. The analysis of the external factors enables an organization to recognize opportunities that it can easily tap into and the threat that are restricting its operations. The Porter’s five analysis- competition, entry barriers, and buyer-supplier behavior- are very crucial when identifying the (OT) strategies (David). Conversely, the internal business environment includes all those activities that the firm can control. These factors include products produced, market share and segmentation, revenue versus cost analysis among others. The value chain identifies the factors that are used commonly used by firms in their operational activities especially the internal factors to deliver a quality product. The analysis of internal factors and value chain is thus important in establishing the strengths and weakness (SW) a firm possess in a given industry.  A firm’s elements of strategy involve an integrated set of choice that addresses how it will achieve its set objectives and goals. The key elements commonly referred to as five elements of the strategy include arenas, differentiators, vehicles, staging and economic logic. The following are the Audible’s company 5 elements of strategy:†¢ The company identified the digital platform and the use of the internet to provide content in audio format as its strategic arena.

Why do we like violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why do we like violence - Essay Example ours of television programming weekly.   Although the negative health affects have been a topic of much recent discussion, the expressed purpose of this research analysis will be to draw a level of inference upon the way in which violence represented in television media affects the minds, outlook, psychology, and world-view interpretation of the adolescent viewing audience.  Ã‚  From such a review, the reader will be able to understand that even though violence within the media has increased within the past several years, it is not doing so divorced from the demand by the viewer. It does not take a great deal of analysis to understand fact that this pervasive level of violence only exists is due to the fact that consumers are actively engaging with this violence and consuming it. It is the understanding of this particular author that the reason and rationale behind this has to do with the fact that violence represents one of the most primitive and basic mechanisms through which h umans have evolved. When one begins to integrate with an understanding of basic human evolution, they come to the analysis of the fact that almost all history has been dictated with respect to power dynamics and the threat and application of violence. In such a way, the exhibition of violence with regards to media, and in a boxing, and a litany of violent video games is a manner through which humans are able to connect with a more bestial and under-evolved aspect of their own evolutionary history. This appeal and violence has is primitive; almost as primitive as the appeal of sexual desire. Accordingly, one does not need to look very far within advertising, media, or any other form of societal representation to understand that the appeals to a more basic levels of humanity are the ones that integrate the most closely with the stakeholder. Violence, as with sex, is something of a vicarious experience. Whereas it is obvious that it is illegal for an individual to venture out on the st reets and engage in an argument with someone that they find offensive – eventually coming to blows and knocking out this individual – this vicarious experience can be had via the litany of different violent video games, television programs, and other representations about that exist within society. In such a manner, the angst and frustration that individuals feel at any given time is able to be vicariously experience through such representations of violence. Even though organized society has come a long way, and individuals are arguably more involved now than at any other point in the past, this basic desire to solve any and all confrontation with violent means is an innate facet of humanity that will not likely disappear anytime in the near future. The impacts of this permeation of violence is of course a society that continues to keep violence front and center within their own minds; sustaining it to a stature that it would otherwise not received. Whereas violence is a determinant aspect of human evolution and provide something of a historical recollection point through which confrontation can be solved, it must also be understood that different societies integrate with violence and different manners. It is arguable that the globalizing influence of Western media has gone a long way in negatively impacting the extent to which violence is represented within